Multi-store model of memory
AO1 AO1
- (MSM) representation of how - (STM)
memory works in terms of 3 stores -> (coding) acoustic (Baddeley)
and describes how information is -> (capacity) 5-9 items (Jacobs)
transferred and what makes -> (duration) 18 seconds (Peterson+
memories last or disappear Peterson)
- (sensory register) all stimuli from - (LTM)
environment pass into sensory -> (coding) semantic (Baddeley)
register which contains memory -> (capacity) unlimited
stores for each of 5 senses eg. -> (duration) lifetime (Bahneck)
visual= iconic sensory memory store
-> (coding) dependent on sensory
organ
-> (capacity) very large
-> (duration) less than half a second
AO3- STRENGTHS AO3- WEAKNESSES
Research support Research is mostly artificial
-> STM + LTM coding= Baddeley -> (Jacobs) use of digits
-> STM duration= Peterson+ -> (Peterson + Peterson) trigrams
Peterson -> lacks mundane realism and not
-> STM capacity= Jacobs valid in everyday life
High ecological validity More than one STM store
-> LTM duration support -> (KF) said digits= couldn’t
-> (Bahrick) photo recognition 15 remember, showed digits= could
years after graduation 90%, after 48 remember
years 70% -> WMM better
-> use of meaningful memories
reflects real life recall More than one LTM store
-> (Shepard) meaningless pictures, -> (HM) can learn new procedural
recall rates dropped memories eg. draw star in mirror,
cannot make new episodic/ semantic
memories
-> MSM lacks validity
Use of inferences
-> model cannot directly be
observed so must infer
-> less scientific as not objective so
cannot test
, Long-term memory types
AO1 AO1
- (Tulving) proposed 3 types of LTM
as MSM to was too simplistic and
inflexible
- (episodic) personal event eg. your
wedding, time stamped eg. summer
2020, consciously retrieve it with
effort
- (procedural) how to do things eg.
ride a bike, not time stamped, don’t
have to consciously or deliberately
retrieve it, not effort is required
- (semantic) general knowledge eg.
capital of England is London, not
time stamped, deliberately retrieve
it with effort
AO3- STRENGTHS AO3- WEAKNESSES
Supported by HM Case study (HM)
-> cannot make new episodic/ -> issues of generalizing to a wider
semantic memories population
-> can make new procedural -> could be unknown issues that
memories eg. drawing a star in a makes individual unique
mirror
-> single store for multi-model is Episodic and semantic memory
wrong, this supports the 3 types of -> evidence is contradictory, same
LTM area of brain shows up in brain
scans
Brain scans (Tulving) -> Tulving’s theory cannot explain
-> PET scans found episodic is the why
right prefrontal cortex, semantic is
left prefrontal cortex Cohen and Squire
-> episodic and semantic memory
Real-life application are the same thing (declarative)
-> research helps people with -> declarative vs non-declarative, 2
memory problems types of LTM only
-> (Belleville) loss of recently -> explains contradictory research
formed episodic memories because as the same part of the brain is used
of age, intervention takes place to for semantic + episodic
improve episodic memory in older
AO1 AO1
- (MSM) representation of how - (STM)
memory works in terms of 3 stores -> (coding) acoustic (Baddeley)
and describes how information is -> (capacity) 5-9 items (Jacobs)
transferred and what makes -> (duration) 18 seconds (Peterson+
memories last or disappear Peterson)
- (sensory register) all stimuli from - (LTM)
environment pass into sensory -> (coding) semantic (Baddeley)
register which contains memory -> (capacity) unlimited
stores for each of 5 senses eg. -> (duration) lifetime (Bahneck)
visual= iconic sensory memory store
-> (coding) dependent on sensory
organ
-> (capacity) very large
-> (duration) less than half a second
AO3- STRENGTHS AO3- WEAKNESSES
Research support Research is mostly artificial
-> STM + LTM coding= Baddeley -> (Jacobs) use of digits
-> STM duration= Peterson+ -> (Peterson + Peterson) trigrams
Peterson -> lacks mundane realism and not
-> STM capacity= Jacobs valid in everyday life
High ecological validity More than one STM store
-> LTM duration support -> (KF) said digits= couldn’t
-> (Bahrick) photo recognition 15 remember, showed digits= could
years after graduation 90%, after 48 remember
years 70% -> WMM better
-> use of meaningful memories
reflects real life recall More than one LTM store
-> (Shepard) meaningless pictures, -> (HM) can learn new procedural
recall rates dropped memories eg. draw star in mirror,
cannot make new episodic/ semantic
memories
-> MSM lacks validity
Use of inferences
-> model cannot directly be
observed so must infer
-> less scientific as not objective so
cannot test
, Long-term memory types
AO1 AO1
- (Tulving) proposed 3 types of LTM
as MSM to was too simplistic and
inflexible
- (episodic) personal event eg. your
wedding, time stamped eg. summer
2020, consciously retrieve it with
effort
- (procedural) how to do things eg.
ride a bike, not time stamped, don’t
have to consciously or deliberately
retrieve it, not effort is required
- (semantic) general knowledge eg.
capital of England is London, not
time stamped, deliberately retrieve
it with effort
AO3- STRENGTHS AO3- WEAKNESSES
Supported by HM Case study (HM)
-> cannot make new episodic/ -> issues of generalizing to a wider
semantic memories population
-> can make new procedural -> could be unknown issues that
memories eg. drawing a star in a makes individual unique
mirror
-> single store for multi-model is Episodic and semantic memory
wrong, this supports the 3 types of -> evidence is contradictory, same
LTM area of brain shows up in brain
scans
Brain scans (Tulving) -> Tulving’s theory cannot explain
-> PET scans found episodic is the why
right prefrontal cortex, semantic is
left prefrontal cortex Cohen and Squire
-> episodic and semantic memory
Real-life application are the same thing (declarative)
-> research helps people with -> declarative vs non-declarative, 2
memory problems types of LTM only
-> (Belleville) loss of recently -> explains contradictory research
formed episodic memories because as the same part of the brain is used
of age, intervention takes place to for semantic + episodic
improve episodic memory in older
