AQA Psychology Revision – Topic Summary - Attachment: Ainsworth’s strange
situation Western culture as ‘right’,
Paper 3 – Issues and Debates
research found other cultures to
Gender bias deviate, ethnocentrism
- Social Influence: Asch only used US,
Consequences - Scientifically misleading, other cultures may conform
stereotypes, validating sexism differently, not representative,
Universality - There are behaviours occur culturally biased
men + women as result same explanation, Evaluation
similar bio approach in many aspects E.g.
knee-jerk - Awareness cultural bias help reverse
effects
Bias - Preference for one gender over - Smith + Bond (1996) replicate Asch
another, occurs in; male samples, male different conform individualistic/
behaviour considered standard collectivist
Androcentrism - Viewing male behaviour - Miranda et al (1981) replicated
as the norm, female considered abnormal, Milgram’s Spanish studies 90% went
deviate to 450 volts
- ‘Individualistic’ and ‘collectivist’
Alpha bias – exaggeration of differences broad, US individualistic variation
between men and women where we within, e.g. Latino
devalue one gender - Inappropriate methods self-report
adapt culturally/linguistic, literacy,
Beta bias – minimise differences men +
inconsistent
women
- Etic (universality between cultures)
Application and Emic (every culture is unique),
which side of the debate is research
- Psychodynamic approach: Freud’s attempting to satisfy
psychosexual stages, Alpha bias
- Social Influence: Milgram’s, male Free will and Determinism
participants, generalised, Beta Bias
Determinism – human behaviour product
- Schizophrenia: DSM system equal
of uncontrollable forces, governed by
criteria men women, Beta Bias,
internal or external forces, no free will,
misdiagnosis
cause-effect
Evaluation
Biological – genes, evolutionary, bio
- Recognising gender bias, awareness approach
- Economic, employers favour one
Environmental – external, parents,
gender
behaviourist
- Reverse alpha bias, emphasis on
female, equal impacts, feminist Psychic – unconscious fear/desire,
research BUT strength combatting psychodynamic
effects of alpha bias
Soft – biology/social may determine still
Culture bias element of choice, behaviour predictable
but not inevitable
Ethnocentrism - own culture’s norm or
‘right’, other cultures deviate considered Hard – no free will, entirely outside our
‘wrong’, negative control
Cultural Relativism Scientific – test hypothesis through
changing IV to change DV is deterministic
- No right/wrong, must consider
someone’s behaviour part culture Free will – control and choice, self-
before judgements, context/social determination
norms no culture comparing
Application
Application
situation Western culture as ‘right’,
Paper 3 – Issues and Debates
research found other cultures to
Gender bias deviate, ethnocentrism
- Social Influence: Asch only used US,
Consequences - Scientifically misleading, other cultures may conform
stereotypes, validating sexism differently, not representative,
Universality - There are behaviours occur culturally biased
men + women as result same explanation, Evaluation
similar bio approach in many aspects E.g.
knee-jerk - Awareness cultural bias help reverse
effects
Bias - Preference for one gender over - Smith + Bond (1996) replicate Asch
another, occurs in; male samples, male different conform individualistic/
behaviour considered standard collectivist
Androcentrism - Viewing male behaviour - Miranda et al (1981) replicated
as the norm, female considered abnormal, Milgram’s Spanish studies 90% went
deviate to 450 volts
- ‘Individualistic’ and ‘collectivist’
Alpha bias – exaggeration of differences broad, US individualistic variation
between men and women where we within, e.g. Latino
devalue one gender - Inappropriate methods self-report
adapt culturally/linguistic, literacy,
Beta bias – minimise differences men +
inconsistent
women
- Etic (universality between cultures)
Application and Emic (every culture is unique),
which side of the debate is research
- Psychodynamic approach: Freud’s attempting to satisfy
psychosexual stages, Alpha bias
- Social Influence: Milgram’s, male Free will and Determinism
participants, generalised, Beta Bias
Determinism – human behaviour product
- Schizophrenia: DSM system equal
of uncontrollable forces, governed by
criteria men women, Beta Bias,
internal or external forces, no free will,
misdiagnosis
cause-effect
Evaluation
Biological – genes, evolutionary, bio
- Recognising gender bias, awareness approach
- Economic, employers favour one
Environmental – external, parents,
gender
behaviourist
- Reverse alpha bias, emphasis on
female, equal impacts, feminist Psychic – unconscious fear/desire,
research BUT strength combatting psychodynamic
effects of alpha bias
Soft – biology/social may determine still
Culture bias element of choice, behaviour predictable
but not inevitable
Ethnocentrism - own culture’s norm or
‘right’, other cultures deviate considered Hard – no free will, entirely outside our
‘wrong’, negative control
Cultural Relativism Scientific – test hypothesis through
changing IV to change DV is deterministic
- No right/wrong, must consider
someone’s behaviour part culture Free will – control and choice, self-
before judgements, context/social determination
norms no culture comparing
Application
Application
