Start 14:35
End 15:50
1. A
2. C
3. The role of defence mechanisms is to keep theconcious mind from having to remember and relive
traumatic events. Hence, we either repress, deny, or displace these emotions. For example, the ego will
move any traumatic experiences deep into the preconcious so that our conscious mind does not have to
think abut it.
4. One strength of the psychodynamic approach is that there is supporting evidence for the oedipus
complex. For example, Little Hans is a case study example about a boy who had a fear of horses. Fraud
argued that this fear was actually caused by his castration anxiety he felt towards his dad, hence he
displayed his fear of his dad onto horses. Moreover, Little Hans was in his phallic stage at the time of
this fear which further supports this. As a result, we can prasie this theory for its supporting evidence,
However, a major weakness of this theory is that concepts such as the psychosexual stages are
incredibly theoretical and subjective. For example, in Little Hans, we could apply classical and operant
conditioning to understand his phobia of horses, rather than the psychosexual stages. Moreover, the
learning approach is a lot more scientific and can be measured using experimental controlled designs,
unlike the psychodynamic approach which largely relies on self-report and case studies. As a result, we
can argue this approach lacks scientific rigour and can be argued as being too theoretical.
5. Operant conditioning is based on the idea we learn through consequence. These consequences can
be elicited through reinforcement. There are 3 main types of reinforcement, which are positive
reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment. Positive reinforcement is based on the idea of
rewarding desired behaviour, giving an individual a positive consequence for completing this. As a
result, this reinforcement increases the frequency of desirable behaviours. Moreover, negative
reinforcement works in a similar sense, however now we are taking away a negative feeling from
someone, rewarding them with the nice sensation of not experiencing that. Similar to positive
reinforcement, this would increase the frequency of desirable behaviour. Finally, unlike the other two,
punishment decreases the frequency of undesirable behaviour, making someone less likely to engage in
that behaviour. This is because you elicit a negative consequence when someone engages in the
specific behaviour you deem undesirable. This is evident in Skinners rat experiment, as he used both
negative and positive reinforcement to teach a rat in a box to pull a lever. For example, when a light
flashed, the rat learnt that they could pull a lever to be dispensed food. Because food acts as a primary
reinforcer and the lever acts as a secondary reinforcer, the rat increasingly frequently pulled the lever in
order to recieve the food. Moreover, this is positive reinforcement because by dispensing food, it was
rewarding the rat with snacks, hence increasing the desired behaviour of pulling to lever. However,
Skinner also taught the rat to pull the different lever through negative reinforcement. For example, the
metal texture of the floor the rat stood on in the box sometimes releases electrical impulses, essentially
lightly electrocuting the rat. This elicited a negative feeling on the rat due to the pain this caused.
However, when the lever was pushed, the metal floor would no longer electrocute the rate. This
increased the desired behaviour of pushing the lever as engaging in the desired behaviour removed the
negative feeling of pain.
Increasing the price of bottled water by 20 pence acts as a form of punishment. By putting the stickers
on the bottle it acts as negative reinforcement - if someone doesnt buy the bottle the negative feeling of
sadness (from the ocean full of plastic) is removed. This increases the frequency of desired behaviour
(not buying the bottle). Free refills act as positive reinforcement. By giving away free refills to any
student who has their own bottle, this behaviour of bringing your own bottle will increase because
people will want the positive consequence of a free refill.
Operant conditoning can be argued as being highly scientific. For example, like Skinner did inhis rat-box
experiment, psychologists can research behaviour with operant conditoning in a methological way, using
End 15:50
1. A
2. C
3. The role of defence mechanisms is to keep theconcious mind from having to remember and relive
traumatic events. Hence, we either repress, deny, or displace these emotions. For example, the ego will
move any traumatic experiences deep into the preconcious so that our conscious mind does not have to
think abut it.
4. One strength of the psychodynamic approach is that there is supporting evidence for the oedipus
complex. For example, Little Hans is a case study example about a boy who had a fear of horses. Fraud
argued that this fear was actually caused by his castration anxiety he felt towards his dad, hence he
displayed his fear of his dad onto horses. Moreover, Little Hans was in his phallic stage at the time of
this fear which further supports this. As a result, we can prasie this theory for its supporting evidence,
However, a major weakness of this theory is that concepts such as the psychosexual stages are
incredibly theoretical and subjective. For example, in Little Hans, we could apply classical and operant
conditioning to understand his phobia of horses, rather than the psychosexual stages. Moreover, the
learning approach is a lot more scientific and can be measured using experimental controlled designs,
unlike the psychodynamic approach which largely relies on self-report and case studies. As a result, we
can argue this approach lacks scientific rigour and can be argued as being too theoretical.
5. Operant conditioning is based on the idea we learn through consequence. These consequences can
be elicited through reinforcement. There are 3 main types of reinforcement, which are positive
reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment. Positive reinforcement is based on the idea of
rewarding desired behaviour, giving an individual a positive consequence for completing this. As a
result, this reinforcement increases the frequency of desirable behaviours. Moreover, negative
reinforcement works in a similar sense, however now we are taking away a negative feeling from
someone, rewarding them with the nice sensation of not experiencing that. Similar to positive
reinforcement, this would increase the frequency of desirable behaviour. Finally, unlike the other two,
punishment decreases the frequency of undesirable behaviour, making someone less likely to engage in
that behaviour. This is because you elicit a negative consequence when someone engages in the
specific behaviour you deem undesirable. This is evident in Skinners rat experiment, as he used both
negative and positive reinforcement to teach a rat in a box to pull a lever. For example, when a light
flashed, the rat learnt that they could pull a lever to be dispensed food. Because food acts as a primary
reinforcer and the lever acts as a secondary reinforcer, the rat increasingly frequently pulled the lever in
order to recieve the food. Moreover, this is positive reinforcement because by dispensing food, it was
rewarding the rat with snacks, hence increasing the desired behaviour of pulling to lever. However,
Skinner also taught the rat to pull the different lever through negative reinforcement. For example, the
metal texture of the floor the rat stood on in the box sometimes releases electrical impulses, essentially
lightly electrocuting the rat. This elicited a negative feeling on the rat due to the pain this caused.
However, when the lever was pushed, the metal floor would no longer electrocute the rate. This
increased the desired behaviour of pushing the lever as engaging in the desired behaviour removed the
negative feeling of pain.
Increasing the price of bottled water by 20 pence acts as a form of punishment. By putting the stickers
on the bottle it acts as negative reinforcement - if someone doesnt buy the bottle the negative feeling of
sadness (from the ocean full of plastic) is removed. This increases the frequency of desired behaviour
(not buying the bottle). Free refills act as positive reinforcement. By giving away free refills to any
student who has their own bottle, this behaviour of bringing your own bottle will increase because
people will want the positive consequence of a free refill.
Operant conditoning can be argued as being highly scientific. For example, like Skinner did inhis rat-box
experiment, psychologists can research behaviour with operant conditoning in a methological way, using
