Start 11:35
1. Commitment
Flexibility
Synchronic consistency
2. Locus of control
3. One explanation of resistance to social control is peer support. In the scenario it
states there were some disobedient students who did not do the work, and due to this
disobedience, peer support would argue other students gained more confidence, therefore
they also did not complete the work. This is because it gave the students more confidence,
and would not have occurred if the first disobedient person did not share their views with the
majority. The more people who disobey, the more we experience a greater diffusion of
responsibility because the more people who disobey - the less severe the consequences are
likely to be. The class also could have reasoned with one another stating the more of us who
disobey, the less in troublw they will all be.
4. Situational variables have been found to affect obedience, as evidences in Milgrams
obedience study. In his original study, the experimenter was next to the pt (in the experiment
the pt was referred to as the teacher). The experimenter had a lab coat on and it was
conducted in a controlled, lab setting. WIthin Milgrams variations, there was a loss of
uniform, increased proximity, and the setting was changed. Findings revealed that when
there was a loss of uniform, obedience decreased to 20%, which is majorily low compared to
the original study (100% obedience to 300v). Moreover, when the experimenter instructed
the teacher pt over the phone, obedience once again fell to 20%, and it feel to 40% if the
experimenter was simply in a separate room. Finally, when the experiment took place in a
run down office, obedience fell to 47.5%. This finding, compared to the other two situational
variables, displays how location was not as significant in effecting obedience, but rather
uniform and proximity were. Also, a further variation was having a social support, which
decreased obedience to 10%, which evidently displays how having a disobeident ally grately
effects obedience.
This therefore tells us that people obey due to various reasons, one being legitimacy
of authority. We evaluate the legitimacy of someones authority with by two main
factors: socilisation, and hierarchy. What this means is, growing up we learn from our
parents (primary socilisation) on who to obey and what authority is overall. Once we
get older and gain religious groups and schools, we are further taught about authority
(secondary socilisation). For example, within school you will be taught that you
should obey your teachers, and if you don’t you will be sent to the headteacher. This
example nicley links hierarchies too. Through soclisation, we are educated on the
heirarchy present within society. For example, we know the police work under the
government and alongside the courts so we should therefore obey the police to avoid
being punished. Similarily in school, we are taught to objey our teacher or we can
suffer greater consequences from the headteacher. A way we know if someone is an
athority figure is typically though their uniform. This is evident within the police force
as they wear a specific unfirm and a badge to display their authority to society.
However, if theres a situation where there is a loss of this uniform, like in Milgrams
variations, it is expected we are less likely to obey as we no longer deem that person
of higher power to us. This is evident in Bickmans study where he found people are2
, times more likely to objey him when he was wearing a security gaurd unifrm,
compared to a suit.
5. One way researchers ave investigated the capacity of short-term memory is evident
in Jacobs study. They showed their pt’s a serial sequence which increased in length which
they then had to immedietly recall. It revealed that pt’s could recall 7.3 letters and 9.3
numbers, suggesting the capacity of our short-term memory is about 5-9, as suggested by
the multi-store model of memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin).
6. One way researchers have investigated the duration of short-term emliry is evident in
Peterson & Petersons study. They showed their pt’s a nonse triagram which they then had to
recall after a 3 second delay and an 18 second delay. The experiment revealed that pt’s
stuggled to recall more when the delay was 18 seconds, suggesting our short -term memory
is limited, however more than 18 seocnds as they could still recall, just less accuratley.
7. One cognitive interview technique which could be used to improve the pt’s recall of
the film is recalling everything. This means that any minor details, despite maybe not
seeming significant to the pt, would be stated. Another technioque which could be used is
context reinforcement. This is based on the idea of context cues, stating that retirval failure is
more likely to occur is a persons environment is different to where endocing took place. As a
result, taking a person back to the envrionment they encoded in would increased the
accuracy of their recall. The student could do this by showing them a photo of the film they
watched while they recall.
8. The working memory model is a model created by Baddeley and Hitch. It majorly
focuses on short term memory, stating their is a main central executive which directs
attention to three slave systems. The main role of the central executive is to direct
information to the slave systems, directing attention to them. The first slave system is called
the phonological loop, which deals with audiotry information. There are two main
components of this store called the articularly control system and the phonological store. The
phonological store simply stores auditory information, while the articularly control system has
a more complex role. It repeats the auditory information, almost like an inner ear, which
helps the information stay in short term memory, allowing it to move to long term memory.
The other main slave system is called the visio-spatial sketchapd, which is in charge of
visual information. This slave system is also slipt into two comptonents, which are known as
the inner scribe and visual cache. The visual cache, similarily to the phonological store,
stores visual information - these are things we see like colour etc. On the other hand, the
inner scribe deals with spatial relationships, meaning when we close our eyes and imagin
the lay out of our room, as an example, our inner scribe is what allows us to ‘see’ this.
Hence, this slave system gains the nickname inner eye. An important component of this is
that all spatial information needs to once have been visual information. FInally, the third
slave system, which was added later in 2000, is called our episodic buffer. This was added
because Baddeley believed just these two slave systems was not enough to fully understand
the complexity of short-term memory. The main function of this system is to provide extra
support for the other two systems.
Rorys behaviour can be understand through the aplication of the visio-spatial
sketchpad. The slave systems have a limited capacity so by usiing his visual cache
to play his game, which is evident in the fact he is matching blocks of the same
clolour which is visual information, Rory can’t use his inner scribe to his full capacity.
1. Commitment
Flexibility
Synchronic consistency
2. Locus of control
3. One explanation of resistance to social control is peer support. In the scenario it
states there were some disobedient students who did not do the work, and due to this
disobedience, peer support would argue other students gained more confidence, therefore
they also did not complete the work. This is because it gave the students more confidence,
and would not have occurred if the first disobedient person did not share their views with the
majority. The more people who disobey, the more we experience a greater diffusion of
responsibility because the more people who disobey - the less severe the consequences are
likely to be. The class also could have reasoned with one another stating the more of us who
disobey, the less in troublw they will all be.
4. Situational variables have been found to affect obedience, as evidences in Milgrams
obedience study. In his original study, the experimenter was next to the pt (in the experiment
the pt was referred to as the teacher). The experimenter had a lab coat on and it was
conducted in a controlled, lab setting. WIthin Milgrams variations, there was a loss of
uniform, increased proximity, and the setting was changed. Findings revealed that when
there was a loss of uniform, obedience decreased to 20%, which is majorily low compared to
the original study (100% obedience to 300v). Moreover, when the experimenter instructed
the teacher pt over the phone, obedience once again fell to 20%, and it feel to 40% if the
experimenter was simply in a separate room. Finally, when the experiment took place in a
run down office, obedience fell to 47.5%. This finding, compared to the other two situational
variables, displays how location was not as significant in effecting obedience, but rather
uniform and proximity were. Also, a further variation was having a social support, which
decreased obedience to 10%, which evidently displays how having a disobeident ally grately
effects obedience.
This therefore tells us that people obey due to various reasons, one being legitimacy
of authority. We evaluate the legitimacy of someones authority with by two main
factors: socilisation, and hierarchy. What this means is, growing up we learn from our
parents (primary socilisation) on who to obey and what authority is overall. Once we
get older and gain religious groups and schools, we are further taught about authority
(secondary socilisation). For example, within school you will be taught that you
should obey your teachers, and if you don’t you will be sent to the headteacher. This
example nicley links hierarchies too. Through soclisation, we are educated on the
heirarchy present within society. For example, we know the police work under the
government and alongside the courts so we should therefore obey the police to avoid
being punished. Similarily in school, we are taught to objey our teacher or we can
suffer greater consequences from the headteacher. A way we know if someone is an
athority figure is typically though their uniform. This is evident within the police force
as they wear a specific unfirm and a badge to display their authority to society.
However, if theres a situation where there is a loss of this uniform, like in Milgrams
variations, it is expected we are less likely to obey as we no longer deem that person
of higher power to us. This is evident in Bickmans study where he found people are2
, times more likely to objey him when he was wearing a security gaurd unifrm,
compared to a suit.
5. One way researchers ave investigated the capacity of short-term memory is evident
in Jacobs study. They showed their pt’s a serial sequence which increased in length which
they then had to immedietly recall. It revealed that pt’s could recall 7.3 letters and 9.3
numbers, suggesting the capacity of our short-term memory is about 5-9, as suggested by
the multi-store model of memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin).
6. One way researchers have investigated the duration of short-term emliry is evident in
Peterson & Petersons study. They showed their pt’s a nonse triagram which they then had to
recall after a 3 second delay and an 18 second delay. The experiment revealed that pt’s
stuggled to recall more when the delay was 18 seconds, suggesting our short -term memory
is limited, however more than 18 seocnds as they could still recall, just less accuratley.
7. One cognitive interview technique which could be used to improve the pt’s recall of
the film is recalling everything. This means that any minor details, despite maybe not
seeming significant to the pt, would be stated. Another technioque which could be used is
context reinforcement. This is based on the idea of context cues, stating that retirval failure is
more likely to occur is a persons environment is different to where endocing took place. As a
result, taking a person back to the envrionment they encoded in would increased the
accuracy of their recall. The student could do this by showing them a photo of the film they
watched while they recall.
8. The working memory model is a model created by Baddeley and Hitch. It majorly
focuses on short term memory, stating their is a main central executive which directs
attention to three slave systems. The main role of the central executive is to direct
information to the slave systems, directing attention to them. The first slave system is called
the phonological loop, which deals with audiotry information. There are two main
components of this store called the articularly control system and the phonological store. The
phonological store simply stores auditory information, while the articularly control system has
a more complex role. It repeats the auditory information, almost like an inner ear, which
helps the information stay in short term memory, allowing it to move to long term memory.
The other main slave system is called the visio-spatial sketchapd, which is in charge of
visual information. This slave system is also slipt into two comptonents, which are known as
the inner scribe and visual cache. The visual cache, similarily to the phonological store,
stores visual information - these are things we see like colour etc. On the other hand, the
inner scribe deals with spatial relationships, meaning when we close our eyes and imagin
the lay out of our room, as an example, our inner scribe is what allows us to ‘see’ this.
Hence, this slave system gains the nickname inner eye. An important component of this is
that all spatial information needs to once have been visual information. FInally, the third
slave system, which was added later in 2000, is called our episodic buffer. This was added
because Baddeley believed just these two slave systems was not enough to fully understand
the complexity of short-term memory. The main function of this system is to provide extra
support for the other two systems.
Rorys behaviour can be understand through the aplication of the visio-spatial
sketchpad. The slave systems have a limited capacity so by usiing his visual cache
to play his game, which is evident in the fact he is matching blocks of the same
clolour which is visual information, Rory can’t use his inner scribe to his full capacity.
