Empirically validated Treatment or Empirically Supported treatment
When counselors do integrate research into practice.
Correlation
Correlation is simply an association. It is not the same as causality.
The correlation between people who have an umbrella open and rain is
very high, but opening your umbrella does not cause it to rain.
Three types of correlations
Go from negative 1 to 0 to positive 1. Zero means no correlation
while positive 1 and negative 1 are perfect correlations. A
negative .5 is not higher than a correlation of -.5 In fact, a
correlation of -.8 is stronger than a correlation of .5.
A positive correlation: when x goes up, y goes up. For example, when
you study more, your GPA goes up.
A negative correlation: when x goes up y goes down. For example, the
more you brush your teeth, the less you will be plagued by cavities.
Quantitative research
when one quanitifes or measures things. It yields numbers.
Qualitative research
When does research does not use numberical data
Bubbles
When research has flaws
What is a true experiment?
Two or more groups are udes.
What is random sampling?
People are picked randomly and placed in groups using random
assignment.
Systematic sampling
where every nth person is chosen can also be used howere, researchers
stillprefer random sampling and random assignment
What is quasi-experimental research?
When the groups are not picked at random or the researcher cannot
control the IV then it is a quasi rather than a true experiment.
quasi-experimental research does not ensure causality.
What is the independent variable
The experimental group gets the IV and it is known as the
experimental variable.
,what is the DV or dependent variable?
the outcome data in the study is called the DV. If we want to see if
eating carrots raises one's IQ then eating carrots is the IV while
the IQ scores at the end of the study would be the DV.
Type I alpha error
When a researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is true.
Type II beta error
When a research accepts null when it should have been rejected.
What is significance levels in social science?
.05 or less (.01 to .001) The signifcance level gives you the
probability of a type 1 error.
N=1
a single subject design or case study and thus does not rely on IV,
DV, control group, ect. Case studies are becoming more popular.
Demand characteristics
evident when subjects in a study have cues regarding what the
researcher deires or does not desire that influence their behavior.
This can counfound an experiment rendering the research inaccurate.
An obtrustive or a reactive measure
if subjects know they are being observed. Observers' presence can
influence subject's behavior rather than merely the experimental
variable or treatment modality.
Unobtrusive measure
When subjects are not aware that they are being measured.
Internal vailidty
when an experimental has few flaws and thus findings are accurate.
The IV caused the changes in the DV, not some other factor (known as
confounding extraneous variables or artifacts). When internal vaility
is low the researcher didn't measure what he thought he measured.
External validity
it is high when the results in a study can be generalized to other
settings.
A t test
a popular parametric test for comparing two means.
ANOVA or analysis of variance
Also called a one-way ANOVA. used when you have two or means to
compare. The t test and the ANOVA are parametric measures for
normally distributed populations. The ANOVA provides F values and the
F test will tell you if significant differences are present.
MANOVA
Used when you are investigating more than one DV>
A factorail analysis of variance
, When you are investigating more than one IV/experimental variable (if
you have two IVs it would be called a two-way ANOVA three IVs a three
way ANOVA.)
Chi square
if the population is not necessarily normal then this nonparametric
test is used. or a Kruskal-wallace can be used.
Ex post facto or causal comparative design
if the researcher did not manipulate the variable and you are looing
at after the fact data, the the research is not a true experiment.
Descriptive statistics
statistics that describe central tendency like the mean, median, the
mode, the range, quartiles, the variance and the standard deviation.
Statistical analyses
include correlation, coefficients, t tests, ANOVAs, Analusis of
Covariance, Chi square, Krushal Wallis
Cohort studies
examine a group of people who have something in common
Longitudinal research
tkaes place when the same individuals are evaluated over a period of
time.
Cross-sectional research
Relies on observation or data from a given point in time.
Formative evaluation
takes place during treatmetn or while a program is going on while
summative or outcomes evaluations occurs at the end of a program or
treatment (e.g. after the final session of counseling)
Between groups design
Uses different subjects in the different groups (e.g. one group of
subjects for the control group and another group of subjects for the
experimental group)
Within groups repeated measures design
uses the same subjects for the control condition and then at a
different time for the IV/experimental conditions.
Scope of practice
implies that you only practice if you are adequately trained in a
given area or with a given population.
A counselor's duty to warn
Based on the Tarasoff case. This principle now states that if a
client is going to harm him or herself, somebody else, or both, you
will break confidenctiality and contact the appropriate people (the
police, the target person) to ward off this tragedy.
Dual Relationship
Could also be called multiple relationships on the exam. This concept
implues that you are a person's helper but you also have another
When counselors do integrate research into practice.
Correlation
Correlation is simply an association. It is not the same as causality.
The correlation between people who have an umbrella open and rain is
very high, but opening your umbrella does not cause it to rain.
Three types of correlations
Go from negative 1 to 0 to positive 1. Zero means no correlation
while positive 1 and negative 1 are perfect correlations. A
negative .5 is not higher than a correlation of -.5 In fact, a
correlation of -.8 is stronger than a correlation of .5.
A positive correlation: when x goes up, y goes up. For example, when
you study more, your GPA goes up.
A negative correlation: when x goes up y goes down. For example, the
more you brush your teeth, the less you will be plagued by cavities.
Quantitative research
when one quanitifes or measures things. It yields numbers.
Qualitative research
When does research does not use numberical data
Bubbles
When research has flaws
What is a true experiment?
Two or more groups are udes.
What is random sampling?
People are picked randomly and placed in groups using random
assignment.
Systematic sampling
where every nth person is chosen can also be used howere, researchers
stillprefer random sampling and random assignment
What is quasi-experimental research?
When the groups are not picked at random or the researcher cannot
control the IV then it is a quasi rather than a true experiment.
quasi-experimental research does not ensure causality.
What is the independent variable
The experimental group gets the IV and it is known as the
experimental variable.
,what is the DV or dependent variable?
the outcome data in the study is called the DV. If we want to see if
eating carrots raises one's IQ then eating carrots is the IV while
the IQ scores at the end of the study would be the DV.
Type I alpha error
When a researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is true.
Type II beta error
When a research accepts null when it should have been rejected.
What is significance levels in social science?
.05 or less (.01 to .001) The signifcance level gives you the
probability of a type 1 error.
N=1
a single subject design or case study and thus does not rely on IV,
DV, control group, ect. Case studies are becoming more popular.
Demand characteristics
evident when subjects in a study have cues regarding what the
researcher deires or does not desire that influence their behavior.
This can counfound an experiment rendering the research inaccurate.
An obtrustive or a reactive measure
if subjects know they are being observed. Observers' presence can
influence subject's behavior rather than merely the experimental
variable or treatment modality.
Unobtrusive measure
When subjects are not aware that they are being measured.
Internal vailidty
when an experimental has few flaws and thus findings are accurate.
The IV caused the changes in the DV, not some other factor (known as
confounding extraneous variables or artifacts). When internal vaility
is low the researcher didn't measure what he thought he measured.
External validity
it is high when the results in a study can be generalized to other
settings.
A t test
a popular parametric test for comparing two means.
ANOVA or analysis of variance
Also called a one-way ANOVA. used when you have two or means to
compare. The t test and the ANOVA are parametric measures for
normally distributed populations. The ANOVA provides F values and the
F test will tell you if significant differences are present.
MANOVA
Used when you are investigating more than one DV>
A factorail analysis of variance
, When you are investigating more than one IV/experimental variable (if
you have two IVs it would be called a two-way ANOVA three IVs a three
way ANOVA.)
Chi square
if the population is not necessarily normal then this nonparametric
test is used. or a Kruskal-wallace can be used.
Ex post facto or causal comparative design
if the researcher did not manipulate the variable and you are looing
at after the fact data, the the research is not a true experiment.
Descriptive statistics
statistics that describe central tendency like the mean, median, the
mode, the range, quartiles, the variance and the standard deviation.
Statistical analyses
include correlation, coefficients, t tests, ANOVAs, Analusis of
Covariance, Chi square, Krushal Wallis
Cohort studies
examine a group of people who have something in common
Longitudinal research
tkaes place when the same individuals are evaluated over a period of
time.
Cross-sectional research
Relies on observation or data from a given point in time.
Formative evaluation
takes place during treatmetn or while a program is going on while
summative or outcomes evaluations occurs at the end of a program or
treatment (e.g. after the final session of counseling)
Between groups design
Uses different subjects in the different groups (e.g. one group of
subjects for the control group and another group of subjects for the
experimental group)
Within groups repeated measures design
uses the same subjects for the control condition and then at a
different time for the IV/experimental conditions.
Scope of practice
implies that you only practice if you are adequately trained in a
given area or with a given population.
A counselor's duty to warn
Based on the Tarasoff case. This principle now states that if a
client is going to harm him or herself, somebody else, or both, you
will break confidenctiality and contact the appropriate people (the
police, the target person) to ward off this tragedy.
Dual Relationship
Could also be called multiple relationships on the exam. This concept
implues that you are a person's helper but you also have another
