NSG 533 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
Metformin
Biguanide: 1st line medication for Type II Diabetes: Doesn't cause low blood sugar
decreases AIC by 1.5%:
Metformin MOA
reduces hepatic glucose production
Metformin side/adverse effects
Nausea, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and really increased lactic acid resulting in
lactic acidosis. Vitamin B12 deficiency.
Metformin contraindications
Hepatic or cardiopulmonary insufficiency, acute MI, metabolic or lactic acidosis, renal
disease, alcoholism: HOlD for iodinated contrast
Sulfonylureas
glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride: Remember (IDE)
Glipizide
Sulfonylurea: fast acting short half life less than 10 hours
Glimepiride (Amaryl)
Sulfonylurea: Long half-life, once a day dosing 24 hours
Chlorpropamide
1st gen sulfonylurea can cause hyponatremia used in diabetes insipidus
Sulfonylureas MOA
Increase insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells
Sulfonylureas Adverse Effects
Hypoglycemia, hematologic effects, nausea, epigastric fullness, heartburn and weight
gain. increased risk of cardiovascular events.
Meglitinides
Repaglinide (Prandin)
Nateglinide (Starlix)
Meglitinides MOA
, increase insulin secretion from pancreas but very short acting (cousins to
sulfonylureas)- given with meals. Don't use with sulfonylureas because they are the
same.
Meglitinides adverse effects
Headache, hypoglycemic effects, dizziness, weight gain, joint pain, upper respiratory
infection or flu like symptoms.
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)
Increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue by binding to PPAR-gamma in adipose
tissue
-glitazones
Can cause MI, hepatotoxicity, weight gain, and heart failure
Rosiglitazone
Thiazolidinediones: increased risk of heart failure
Pioglitazone
Thiazolidinedione: increased risk of bladder cancer: banned in Europe
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Acarbose (Precose)
Miglitol (Glyset)
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors MOA
Slows intestinal carbohydrate digestion/absorption. Similiar to Metamucil
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors side effects
flatulence, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Hepatitis
GLP-1 agonists
Exenatide (Byetta)
Liraglutide (Victoza)
Albiglutide (Tanzeum)
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Semaglutide
(remember GOOEY LAUNDRY PODS TIDE)
GLP-1 MOA
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
Metformin
Biguanide: 1st line medication for Type II Diabetes: Doesn't cause low blood sugar
decreases AIC by 1.5%:
Metformin MOA
reduces hepatic glucose production
Metformin side/adverse effects
Nausea, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and really increased lactic acid resulting in
lactic acidosis. Vitamin B12 deficiency.
Metformin contraindications
Hepatic or cardiopulmonary insufficiency, acute MI, metabolic or lactic acidosis, renal
disease, alcoholism: HOlD for iodinated contrast
Sulfonylureas
glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride: Remember (IDE)
Glipizide
Sulfonylurea: fast acting short half life less than 10 hours
Glimepiride (Amaryl)
Sulfonylurea: Long half-life, once a day dosing 24 hours
Chlorpropamide
1st gen sulfonylurea can cause hyponatremia used in diabetes insipidus
Sulfonylureas MOA
Increase insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells
Sulfonylureas Adverse Effects
Hypoglycemia, hematologic effects, nausea, epigastric fullness, heartburn and weight
gain. increased risk of cardiovascular events.
Meglitinides
Repaglinide (Prandin)
Nateglinide (Starlix)
Meglitinides MOA
, increase insulin secretion from pancreas but very short acting (cousins to
sulfonylureas)- given with meals. Don't use with sulfonylureas because they are the
same.
Meglitinides adverse effects
Headache, hypoglycemic effects, dizziness, weight gain, joint pain, upper respiratory
infection or flu like symptoms.
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)
Increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue by binding to PPAR-gamma in adipose
tissue
-glitazones
Can cause MI, hepatotoxicity, weight gain, and heart failure
Rosiglitazone
Thiazolidinediones: increased risk of heart failure
Pioglitazone
Thiazolidinedione: increased risk of bladder cancer: banned in Europe
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Acarbose (Precose)
Miglitol (Glyset)
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors MOA
Slows intestinal carbohydrate digestion/absorption. Similiar to Metamucil
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors side effects
flatulence, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Hepatitis
GLP-1 agonists
Exenatide (Byetta)
Liraglutide (Victoza)
Albiglutide (Tanzeum)
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Semaglutide
(remember GOOEY LAUNDRY PODS TIDE)
GLP-1 MOA
