NSG 533 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
MODULE 2
hyponatremia with hypotonicity
What is the most common form of hyponatremia?
impaired renal water excretion in presence of continued water intake
What causes hyponatremia with hypotonicity?
hypo-osmolar state cause intracellular swelling (fluids shifts to cell where there
are more solutes)
OFten seen in s/s of brain cell or cerebral swelling and/or pulmonary edema
What does Hyponatremia with hypotonicity cause?
the loss of free water or the failure to replace free water
severe hyperglycemia
increase in glucose in extracell fluid moves water from the cells to the exc
compartment and dilutes sodium concentration
Hyponatremia with hyperosmolarity causes
Measures sodium + (0.016 x (plasma glucose-100)
how to calculate corrected serum sodium
edema is the cause of an excess of fluid build up in the body's tissues
What is edema?
increased capillary venous hydrostatic pressure
decreased capillary oncotic pressure
lymphatic obstruction/dysfunction
increased capillary permeability
sodium and water retention
What are the fives causes of edema?
decrease capillary permeability, lymphatic obstruction
Which of the edema causes contribute to non pitting edema
increased capillary venous hydrostatic pressure, decreased capillary oncotic
pressure
Which of the edema causes contribute to pitting edema?
, elevated pressure in blood vessels force fluids out into surrounding tissue
What is the mechanism of increased capillary venous hydrostatic pressure?
venous obstruction or NA and water retention
- blood clots, thromboplebitis, excessive NA and H20 retention
What causes increased capillary venous hydrostatic pressure
CHF, oliguric kidney disease, cirrhosis of liver
Examples of increased capillary venous hydrostatic pressure
reduced level of plasma proteins (albumin and globulin) decrease the osmotic
pull of fluid into the blood vessels
What is the mechanism of decreased capillary oncotic pressure
decreased synthesis of plasma: severe liver disease or protein malnutrition
Loss of plasma: glomerular disease of the kidney (nephrotic syndrome),
hemorrhage, serous drainage from open wounds or burns
What are examples of decreased capillary oncotic pressure
Obstruction or dysfunction of lymphatic vessels hinders the removal of excess
interstitial fluid
What is the mechanism of lymphatic obstruction/dysfunction
lymphedema, (usually after removal or surgery) trauma, infections,
examples of lymphatic obstruction/dysfunction?
capillary walls become more permeable, allowing proteins and fluids to leak into
the interstitial spaces
what is the mechanism of increased capillary permeability
inflammation and immune response
Trauma such as burns or crushing injuries, neoplastic disease, allergic reactions
and infections
examples of increased capillary permeability
when blood volume or sodium levels get low, the RAAS (renin-angiotensive-
aldosterone system) is activated.
Renin is released, and angiotensin II is produced and stimulates aldosterone
ADH (vasopressin) is also released in response to increased blood osmolality
AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
MODULE 2
hyponatremia with hypotonicity
What is the most common form of hyponatremia?
impaired renal water excretion in presence of continued water intake
What causes hyponatremia with hypotonicity?
hypo-osmolar state cause intracellular swelling (fluids shifts to cell where there
are more solutes)
OFten seen in s/s of brain cell or cerebral swelling and/or pulmonary edema
What does Hyponatremia with hypotonicity cause?
the loss of free water or the failure to replace free water
severe hyperglycemia
increase in glucose in extracell fluid moves water from the cells to the exc
compartment and dilutes sodium concentration
Hyponatremia with hyperosmolarity causes
Measures sodium + (0.016 x (plasma glucose-100)
how to calculate corrected serum sodium
edema is the cause of an excess of fluid build up in the body's tissues
What is edema?
increased capillary venous hydrostatic pressure
decreased capillary oncotic pressure
lymphatic obstruction/dysfunction
increased capillary permeability
sodium and water retention
What are the fives causes of edema?
decrease capillary permeability, lymphatic obstruction
Which of the edema causes contribute to non pitting edema
increased capillary venous hydrostatic pressure, decreased capillary oncotic
pressure
Which of the edema causes contribute to pitting edema?
, elevated pressure in blood vessels force fluids out into surrounding tissue
What is the mechanism of increased capillary venous hydrostatic pressure?
venous obstruction or NA and water retention
- blood clots, thromboplebitis, excessive NA and H20 retention
What causes increased capillary venous hydrostatic pressure
CHF, oliguric kidney disease, cirrhosis of liver
Examples of increased capillary venous hydrostatic pressure
reduced level of plasma proteins (albumin and globulin) decrease the osmotic
pull of fluid into the blood vessels
What is the mechanism of decreased capillary oncotic pressure
decreased synthesis of plasma: severe liver disease or protein malnutrition
Loss of plasma: glomerular disease of the kidney (nephrotic syndrome),
hemorrhage, serous drainage from open wounds or burns
What are examples of decreased capillary oncotic pressure
Obstruction or dysfunction of lymphatic vessels hinders the removal of excess
interstitial fluid
What is the mechanism of lymphatic obstruction/dysfunction
lymphedema, (usually after removal or surgery) trauma, infections,
examples of lymphatic obstruction/dysfunction?
capillary walls become more permeable, allowing proteins and fluids to leak into
the interstitial spaces
what is the mechanism of increased capillary permeability
inflammation and immune response
Trauma such as burns or crushing injuries, neoplastic disease, allergic reactions
and infections
examples of increased capillary permeability
when blood volume or sodium levels get low, the RAAS (renin-angiotensive-
aldosterone system) is activated.
Renin is released, and angiotensin II is produced and stimulates aldosterone
ADH (vasopressin) is also released in response to increased blood osmolality
