NSG 533 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
MODULE 2
hemorrhage, severe wound drainage, excessive sweating.
Etiology of fluid volume deficit (hypovolemia)
may remain the same
normal serum level of hypovolemia
weight loss, dryness of skin and mucous membranes, decreased urine output,
increased hematocrit value, weak pulse tachycardia, normal or decreased BP,
flattened neck veins
clinical manifestations of hypovolemia
increased BUN and hematocrit
diagnostic findings of hypovolemia
isotonic fluid excess. Excessive admin of hypotonic IV fluids, hypersecretion of
aldosterone, the effects of drugs such as cortisones, or kidney failure,
psychogenic polydipsia, tap water enema, SIADH
etiology of hypervolemia
weight gain, edema (caused by increased capillary hydrostatic pressure),
pulmonary edema, heart failure, distended neck veins, confusion, extra cellular
volume contraction
excess plasma volume leads to decreased hematocrit and decreased plasma
protein concentration, blood pressure increases
clinical manifestations of hypervolemia
increased BUN and hematocrit
diagnostic finding of hypervolemia
sodium >145
excessive hypertonic salt solutions
IV hypertonic sodium
saline-induced abortions
select infant formulas
hyperaldosteronism
, cushing syndrome
advanced age, impaired mental state
fever
diarrhea
vomiting
uncontrolled diabetes
tube feedings
use of diuretics
etiology of hypernatremia
body loses Na+ AND H20 but loses more H20 than Na+
non renal: sweating, diarrhea, poor PO intake (urine NA <10)
renal: loop diuretics, diuretic stage of kidney disease (urine NA >20)
Causes of hypovolemic hypernatremia
most common
Body loses free H20 with near normal Na+
insufficient water intake, excessive sweating, fever with hyperventilation, burns,
vomiting, diarrhea or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Causes of isovolemic hypernatremia
rare
Body retains NA+ and H20 but retains more NA
infusing hypertonic saline solutions
ACTH excess
consuming lots of soy sauce or concentrated salt water
Causes of hypervolemic hypernatremia
loss of sodium, inadequate intake of sodium, or dilution of sodium by water
excess, hyperaldosteronism, excessive
Loss of body fluid: vomiting, diarrhea, inadequate secretion of aldosterone,
excessive use of diuretics
SIADH, excessive water drinking, SSRIs, liver cirrhosis, hyperglycemia,
hyperlipidemia,
etiology of hyponatremia
AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
MODULE 2
hemorrhage, severe wound drainage, excessive sweating.
Etiology of fluid volume deficit (hypovolemia)
may remain the same
normal serum level of hypovolemia
weight loss, dryness of skin and mucous membranes, decreased urine output,
increased hematocrit value, weak pulse tachycardia, normal or decreased BP,
flattened neck veins
clinical manifestations of hypovolemia
increased BUN and hematocrit
diagnostic findings of hypovolemia
isotonic fluid excess. Excessive admin of hypotonic IV fluids, hypersecretion of
aldosterone, the effects of drugs such as cortisones, or kidney failure,
psychogenic polydipsia, tap water enema, SIADH
etiology of hypervolemia
weight gain, edema (caused by increased capillary hydrostatic pressure),
pulmonary edema, heart failure, distended neck veins, confusion, extra cellular
volume contraction
excess plasma volume leads to decreased hematocrit and decreased plasma
protein concentration, blood pressure increases
clinical manifestations of hypervolemia
increased BUN and hematocrit
diagnostic finding of hypervolemia
sodium >145
excessive hypertonic salt solutions
IV hypertonic sodium
saline-induced abortions
select infant formulas
hyperaldosteronism
, cushing syndrome
advanced age, impaired mental state
fever
diarrhea
vomiting
uncontrolled diabetes
tube feedings
use of diuretics
etiology of hypernatremia
body loses Na+ AND H20 but loses more H20 than Na+
non renal: sweating, diarrhea, poor PO intake (urine NA <10)
renal: loop diuretics, diuretic stage of kidney disease (urine NA >20)
Causes of hypovolemic hypernatremia
most common
Body loses free H20 with near normal Na+
insufficient water intake, excessive sweating, fever with hyperventilation, burns,
vomiting, diarrhea or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Causes of isovolemic hypernatremia
rare
Body retains NA+ and H20 but retains more NA
infusing hypertonic saline solutions
ACTH excess
consuming lots of soy sauce or concentrated salt water
Causes of hypervolemic hypernatremia
loss of sodium, inadequate intake of sodium, or dilution of sodium by water
excess, hyperaldosteronism, excessive
Loss of body fluid: vomiting, diarrhea, inadequate secretion of aldosterone,
excessive use of diuretics
SIADH, excessive water drinking, SSRIs, liver cirrhosis, hyperglycemia,
hyperlipidemia,
etiology of hyponatremia
