NSG 533 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
How medication transports through cell
Medication (agonists) bind to receptors to elicit response
Agonists bind and activate receptor
How medication transports through cell
Antagonists bind and prevent receptor activation (competitive or noncompetitive
inhibition)
How medication transports through cell
Medications may bind allosterically to another site resulting in an increase or a decrease
in the response to the agonist
How medication transports through a cell
Multiple forms of the same receptors can exist and interact with medications
How medication transports through a cell
Medications may be bound to proteins
How medication transports through a cell
Medications may bind to multiple types of receptors resulting in altered therapeutic
effects and side effects
Ionization
Plays a significant role in absorption, distribution across membranes, and renal
elimination.
Passive diffusion
Being charged is a negative factor
Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines
May take on a charge to become neutral
Quaternary amines
Always charged
Charged medications
Water soluble and more easily eliminated by the kidneys
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
Defines role of PH t degree of ionization: Log of prontonated=pKa-PH
, Most drugs
Weak acids (donate H+)
Weak bases (accept H+)
PH of stomach
Manipulates base or acid of drug
Urine
Can alter absorption or elimination based on PH
Distribution
Requires adequate blood supply. Drug goes to areas of high blood flow first. Areas of
low blood supply have a slower delivery
Phase I metabolism
Oxidation, reduction, deamination, hydrolysis, sulfonation: -OH, -SH, -NH2 added or
unmasked.
Oxidation
The combination of a substance with O2
Reduction
The act of reducing
Deamination
Bodily process in which amino groups are removed from excess proteins. This happens
most often in the liver, though it also occurs in the kidneys.
Hydrolysis
A chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance.
Sulfonation
An organic reaction in which a hydrogen atom on an arene is replaced by a sulfonic acid
functional group in an electrophilic aromatic substitution
Cytochrome P450
Enzymes located in liver or gut involved in these reactions
Phase II metabolism
Conjugation with an endogenous compound such as glucuronic acid, sulfuric acid,
acetic acid, methyl compounds, or amino acids to form a highly polar conjugate.
Role of CYP 450 enzymes and drug metabolism
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
How medication transports through cell
Medication (agonists) bind to receptors to elicit response
Agonists bind and activate receptor
How medication transports through cell
Antagonists bind and prevent receptor activation (competitive or noncompetitive
inhibition)
How medication transports through cell
Medications may bind allosterically to another site resulting in an increase or a decrease
in the response to the agonist
How medication transports through a cell
Multiple forms of the same receptors can exist and interact with medications
How medication transports through a cell
Medications may be bound to proteins
How medication transports through a cell
Medications may bind to multiple types of receptors resulting in altered therapeutic
effects and side effects
Ionization
Plays a significant role in absorption, distribution across membranes, and renal
elimination.
Passive diffusion
Being charged is a negative factor
Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines
May take on a charge to become neutral
Quaternary amines
Always charged
Charged medications
Water soluble and more easily eliminated by the kidneys
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
Defines role of PH t degree of ionization: Log of prontonated=pKa-PH
, Most drugs
Weak acids (donate H+)
Weak bases (accept H+)
PH of stomach
Manipulates base or acid of drug
Urine
Can alter absorption or elimination based on PH
Distribution
Requires adequate blood supply. Drug goes to areas of high blood flow first. Areas of
low blood supply have a slower delivery
Phase I metabolism
Oxidation, reduction, deamination, hydrolysis, sulfonation: -OH, -SH, -NH2 added or
unmasked.
Oxidation
The combination of a substance with O2
Reduction
The act of reducing
Deamination
Bodily process in which amino groups are removed from excess proteins. This happens
most often in the liver, though it also occurs in the kidneys.
Hydrolysis
A chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance.
Sulfonation
An organic reaction in which a hydrogen atom on an arene is replaced by a sulfonic acid
functional group in an electrophilic aromatic substitution
Cytochrome P450
Enzymes located in liver or gut involved in these reactions
Phase II metabolism
Conjugation with an endogenous compound such as glucuronic acid, sulfuric acid,
acetic acid, methyl compounds, or amino acids to form a highly polar conjugate.
Role of CYP 450 enzymes and drug metabolism
