What are prokaryotic cells? single celled organisms
bacteria
smaller and simpler
What are eukaryotic cells? Plant , animal , algae and fungi cells.
Complex
What is the structure and function of a cell surface membrane? - made of mainly lipids
and proteins
- regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
- has receptor molecules: allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones
What is the structure and function of a nucleus? Control's the cell's activities
DNA contains instructions to make proteins
Pores allow substances to move ( e.g RNA ) to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm
Nucleolus makes ribosomes
(Chromosomes are made from protein bound linear DNA)
What is the structure and function of a mitochondrion? Site of aerobic respiration
Matrix contains enzymes involved in respiration
Where ATP is produced
Found in very active cells in large numbers
Require a lot of energy
What is the structure and function of a chloroplast? Site of photosynthesis
Some parts happens in thylakoid other parts in stroma
What is the structure and function of a Golgi Apparatus? Group of fluid filled flattened
sacs.
Processes and packages new lipids and proteins
Also makes lysosomes
What is the structure and function of a (Golgi ) Vesicle? A small, fluid-filled sac produced
by the Golgi apparatus, which stores and transports lipids and proteins out of the cell.
What is the structure and function of a lysosome? Round organelle surrounded by a
membrane with no clear internal structure
Contains hydrolytic enzymes - used to digest invading cells or break down worn out
components of the cell
What is the structure and function of a ribosome? Very small organelle which either floats
free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the RER
Made of proteins and RNA
Site where proteins are made
What is the structure and function of a RER?A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled
space
Surface is covered in ribosomes
Folds and processes proteins
What is the structure and function of a SER? A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled
space.
Synthesises and processes lipids
What is the structure and function of a cell wall? Rigid structure that surrounds cells
Plants and algae: cellulose
Fungi: chitin
, Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape
Cell Vacuole Membrane bound organelle in the cytoplasm of pant cells
Contains cell sap - weak solution of sugar and salts
Surrounding membrane is called the tonoplast
Help maintain pressure in cell and keeps cell rigid - stops plants from wilting
Also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals
What happens in complex multicellular organisms? Eukaryotic cells become specialised for
specific functions
What are specialised cells organised into? Tissues
What are tissues organised into? Organs
What are organs organised into? Organ systems
Structure of an animal cell
Structure of a plant cell
What are the differences between a plant and animal cell? Plant cell has:
- cellulose cell wall
- vacuole
- chloroplasts
whereas an animal cell does not
What are are the differences between an algal and plant cell? nothing
What are the differences between a fungal and plant cell? Fungal cell's cell wall is made
from chitin whereas a plant's cell wall is made from cellulose
Plants have chloroplasts but fungal cells don't.
What is the structure of a prokaryotic cell? - cytoplasm which has no membrane bound
organelles
- smaller ribosomes
- flagellum - rotates to make cell move
- circular DNA: no histones
- Plasmids: small loops of DNA
- slime capsule: protect bacteria from attack
- Murein cell wall ( Murein is a glycoprotein)
- plasma membrane
Apart from organelles, how else does a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell differ?
Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler
In terms of DNA how do prokaryotic cells differ to eukaryotic cells? prokaryotic cells
contain circular DNA which are NOT associated with histones whereas eukaryotic cells
contain linear DNA which are associated with histones.
What are viruses? acellular, non-living nucleic acids which are surrounded by proteins
What is the structure of a virus? - capsid
- attachment protein
- genetic material ( DNA/ RNA )
What are the differences between bacteria and viruses? - Viruses are smaller
-Viruses have no plasma membrane
-Viruses have no cytoplasms or ribosomes
How do viruses reproduce? - Use their attachment proteins to bind to complementary
receptor proteins on the surface of host cells
- Different viruses have different attachment proteins so require different receptor proteins on
host cells
- So some viruses can only infect one type of cell
- inject their DNA or RNA into host cell
bacteria
smaller and simpler
What are eukaryotic cells? Plant , animal , algae and fungi cells.
Complex
What is the structure and function of a cell surface membrane? - made of mainly lipids
and proteins
- regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
- has receptor molecules: allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones
What is the structure and function of a nucleus? Control's the cell's activities
DNA contains instructions to make proteins
Pores allow substances to move ( e.g RNA ) to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm
Nucleolus makes ribosomes
(Chromosomes are made from protein bound linear DNA)
What is the structure and function of a mitochondrion? Site of aerobic respiration
Matrix contains enzymes involved in respiration
Where ATP is produced
Found in very active cells in large numbers
Require a lot of energy
What is the structure and function of a chloroplast? Site of photosynthesis
Some parts happens in thylakoid other parts in stroma
What is the structure and function of a Golgi Apparatus? Group of fluid filled flattened
sacs.
Processes and packages new lipids and proteins
Also makes lysosomes
What is the structure and function of a (Golgi ) Vesicle? A small, fluid-filled sac produced
by the Golgi apparatus, which stores and transports lipids and proteins out of the cell.
What is the structure and function of a lysosome? Round organelle surrounded by a
membrane with no clear internal structure
Contains hydrolytic enzymes - used to digest invading cells or break down worn out
components of the cell
What is the structure and function of a ribosome? Very small organelle which either floats
free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the RER
Made of proteins and RNA
Site where proteins are made
What is the structure and function of a RER?A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled
space
Surface is covered in ribosomes
Folds and processes proteins
What is the structure and function of a SER? A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled
space.
Synthesises and processes lipids
What is the structure and function of a cell wall? Rigid structure that surrounds cells
Plants and algae: cellulose
Fungi: chitin
, Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape
Cell Vacuole Membrane bound organelle in the cytoplasm of pant cells
Contains cell sap - weak solution of sugar and salts
Surrounding membrane is called the tonoplast
Help maintain pressure in cell and keeps cell rigid - stops plants from wilting
Also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals
What happens in complex multicellular organisms? Eukaryotic cells become specialised for
specific functions
What are specialised cells organised into? Tissues
What are tissues organised into? Organs
What are organs organised into? Organ systems
Structure of an animal cell
Structure of a plant cell
What are the differences between a plant and animal cell? Plant cell has:
- cellulose cell wall
- vacuole
- chloroplasts
whereas an animal cell does not
What are are the differences between an algal and plant cell? nothing
What are the differences between a fungal and plant cell? Fungal cell's cell wall is made
from chitin whereas a plant's cell wall is made from cellulose
Plants have chloroplasts but fungal cells don't.
What is the structure of a prokaryotic cell? - cytoplasm which has no membrane bound
organelles
- smaller ribosomes
- flagellum - rotates to make cell move
- circular DNA: no histones
- Plasmids: small loops of DNA
- slime capsule: protect bacteria from attack
- Murein cell wall ( Murein is a glycoprotein)
- plasma membrane
Apart from organelles, how else does a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell differ?
Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler
In terms of DNA how do prokaryotic cells differ to eukaryotic cells? prokaryotic cells
contain circular DNA which are NOT associated with histones whereas eukaryotic cells
contain linear DNA which are associated with histones.
What are viruses? acellular, non-living nucleic acids which are surrounded by proteins
What is the structure of a virus? - capsid
- attachment protein
- genetic material ( DNA/ RNA )
What are the differences between bacteria and viruses? - Viruses are smaller
-Viruses have no plasma membrane
-Viruses have no cytoplasms or ribosomes
How do viruses reproduce? - Use their attachment proteins to bind to complementary
receptor proteins on the surface of host cells
- Different viruses have different attachment proteins so require different receptor proteins on
host cells
- So some viruses can only infect one type of cell
- inject their DNA or RNA into host cell
