Galton:
- Believed intelligence was hereditary
- Took interest in variance between people
- Took a biological approach to testing
- Was the first to attempt to measure intelligence.
Binet:
- Developed a test to look for children struggling at primary school
- The Binet-Simons test included a range of tasks of increasing difficulty
- Each stage was matched to a ‘mental age’
- Allowed a comparison within age groups.
Stern:
- Discovered a constant ratio between testing over time: IQ = (mental
age/chronological age) x100
- Norm groups for age were created
- Adapted to the army in the US tested on 1.75M recruits.
Spearman:
- Using factor analysis highlighted how there is an underlying factor which he called ‘g’
for ‘general intelligence’ (problem solving, social, verbal, spatial)
- Believed there are specific intelligence such as verbal, maths, special, which he
called ‘s’ for ‘specific intelligence’.
Raven & Wechsler:
- Took the IQ test forward and created the standard distribution we know today
- Using the normal distributions we can assess where people sit compared to their
peers.
-
Gardners:
- Logical: Numeric, reason
- Linguistic: Verbal
, - Musical: Singing
Thurstone:
- The first real multiple intelligence model which suggests 7 basic factors that create
the ‘g’ factor: (1) Word fluency, (2) associative memory, (3) number, (4) perceptual
speed, (5) reasoning, (6) spatial, (7) verbal.
Cattell:
- Influential model based on the idea of a knowledge repository and an abstract
reasoning component:
- (1) Fluid intelligence: the ability to think quickly and solve problems
- (2) crystallized intelligence: the ability to learn procedures and information.
Carrol:
-
Gardner:
- Radical departure from a central IQ
- There are independent areas of the brain which interact with each other but there is
no central oversight.
- Believed intelligence was hereditary
- Took interest in variance between people
- Took a biological approach to testing
- Was the first to attempt to measure intelligence.
Binet:
- Developed a test to look for children struggling at primary school
- The Binet-Simons test included a range of tasks of increasing difficulty
- Each stage was matched to a ‘mental age’
- Allowed a comparison within age groups.
Stern:
- Discovered a constant ratio between testing over time: IQ = (mental
age/chronological age) x100
- Norm groups for age were created
- Adapted to the army in the US tested on 1.75M recruits.
Spearman:
- Using factor analysis highlighted how there is an underlying factor which he called ‘g’
for ‘general intelligence’ (problem solving, social, verbal, spatial)
- Believed there are specific intelligence such as verbal, maths, special, which he
called ‘s’ for ‘specific intelligence’.
Raven & Wechsler:
- Took the IQ test forward and created the standard distribution we know today
- Using the normal distributions we can assess where people sit compared to their
peers.
-
Gardners:
- Logical: Numeric, reason
- Linguistic: Verbal
, - Musical: Singing
Thurstone:
- The first real multiple intelligence model which suggests 7 basic factors that create
the ‘g’ factor: (1) Word fluency, (2) associative memory, (3) number, (4) perceptual
speed, (5) reasoning, (6) spatial, (7) verbal.
Cattell:
- Influential model based on the idea of a knowledge repository and an abstract
reasoning component:
- (1) Fluid intelligence: the ability to think quickly and solve problems
- (2) crystallized intelligence: the ability to learn procedures and information.
Carrol:
-
Gardner:
- Radical departure from a central IQ
- There are independent areas of the brain which interact with each other but there is
no central oversight.
