IB Psychology Study Guide with
Complete Solutions
Outline the principles that define the cognitive level of analysis. - ANSWER--Human
beings are important processors and that mental processes guide behavior.
-The mind can be studied scientifically.
-Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors.
What is the schema theory? - ANSWER--A cognitive theory about information
processing.
What are the three processes happening in the schema theory? - ANSWER--Encoding:
Transforms sensory info into meaningful memory
-Storage: creates biological trace of encoded info in memory which is kept or lost.
-Retrieval: using the stored memory.
Which three studies can be used to evaluate the schema theory? Provide author and
year - ANSWER-Bartlett (1932)- "War of the Ghost"
Aim- To determine how social and cultural factors influence chemise and hence can
lead to memory distortions.
Procedure- Participants from an English backgrounds were asked to red "The War of
the Ghosts" - a Native American folk tale. Their memory was tested through serial
reproduction and repeated reproduction.
Serial Reproduction: the first participant reading the story reproduces it on paper, which
then another participant reproduces the first participants reproduction and so on.
Repeated Reproduction: the same participant reproduces the story six or seven times
from their own reproductions. This happens form about 15 minutes to as long as several
years.
Results- As the participants repeated more and more, theory became shorter, and more
changes occurred. This is a factor of cultural factors in their memory.
Anderson and Pichert (1978)
Aim- To investigate if schema processing influences encoding and retrieval.
Procedure- Half of the participants were given the Burglar schema and the other half of
the participants were given a potential house-buyer. They then heard a story which was
based on 72 points, which was rated by a group of people on their importance to a
potential house-buyer or burglar. The participants performed a distraction task for 12
minutes, before the recall was tested. After another 5 minute delay, both groups were
, given the other schema (house-buyer to burglar and vice versa). The first group got a
burglar schema, and the second group got a house buyer schema, then they had to
recall and then switch the schema except the neutral group.
Results- The participants who changed schema recalled 7% moe points on the second
recall test than the first. The group who didn't change schema, did recall as many ideas
in the second testing.
Brewer and Treyens (1981) "pic
Which two studies can be used to evaluate the two models or theories of one cognitive
process? - ANSWER-Glanzer and Kunitz
Baddeley and Hitch
Who made the multi-store model of memory? - ANSWER-Atkinson and Shriffin in 1968.
What are the strengths and limitations of the MSM? - ANSWER-Strengths: The model is
broken down into different components. There is evidence works using Milner's study on
STM and Glanzer and Cunitz.
Limitations: It's too simplistic and not enough information. The concept of decay is
without empirical support. It does not explain reconstructive memory and it doesn't
explain the role of emotion.
What are the three components of the multi-store model of memory? - ANSWER-
Sensory information: Also known as modality specific, that is, related to different
senses, such as hearing vision.
Short-Term Memory Store: The capacity of this store is limited to around 7 items and its
duration is from 6-12 seconds. The material is quickly lost if not given attention.
Long-Term Memory Store: Is known as a vast storehouse of information. It is believed
to be of indefinite duration and of potentially unlimited capacity. Memories can be
distorted when they are retrieved because gaps are filled in to create meaningful
memory.
Who made the working memory model? - ANSWER-Baddeley and Hitch in 1974.
What are the components of the working memory model? - ANSWER-Central Executive
Phonological Loop
Episodic Buffer
Visuospatial sketchpad
Complete Solutions
Outline the principles that define the cognitive level of analysis. - ANSWER--Human
beings are important processors and that mental processes guide behavior.
-The mind can be studied scientifically.
-Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors.
What is the schema theory? - ANSWER--A cognitive theory about information
processing.
What are the three processes happening in the schema theory? - ANSWER--Encoding:
Transforms sensory info into meaningful memory
-Storage: creates biological trace of encoded info in memory which is kept or lost.
-Retrieval: using the stored memory.
Which three studies can be used to evaluate the schema theory? Provide author and
year - ANSWER-Bartlett (1932)- "War of the Ghost"
Aim- To determine how social and cultural factors influence chemise and hence can
lead to memory distortions.
Procedure- Participants from an English backgrounds were asked to red "The War of
the Ghosts" - a Native American folk tale. Their memory was tested through serial
reproduction and repeated reproduction.
Serial Reproduction: the first participant reading the story reproduces it on paper, which
then another participant reproduces the first participants reproduction and so on.
Repeated Reproduction: the same participant reproduces the story six or seven times
from their own reproductions. This happens form about 15 minutes to as long as several
years.
Results- As the participants repeated more and more, theory became shorter, and more
changes occurred. This is a factor of cultural factors in their memory.
Anderson and Pichert (1978)
Aim- To investigate if schema processing influences encoding and retrieval.
Procedure- Half of the participants were given the Burglar schema and the other half of
the participants were given a potential house-buyer. They then heard a story which was
based on 72 points, which was rated by a group of people on their importance to a
potential house-buyer or burglar. The participants performed a distraction task for 12
minutes, before the recall was tested. After another 5 minute delay, both groups were
, given the other schema (house-buyer to burglar and vice versa). The first group got a
burglar schema, and the second group got a house buyer schema, then they had to
recall and then switch the schema except the neutral group.
Results- The participants who changed schema recalled 7% moe points on the second
recall test than the first. The group who didn't change schema, did recall as many ideas
in the second testing.
Brewer and Treyens (1981) "pic
Which two studies can be used to evaluate the two models or theories of one cognitive
process? - ANSWER-Glanzer and Kunitz
Baddeley and Hitch
Who made the multi-store model of memory? - ANSWER-Atkinson and Shriffin in 1968.
What are the strengths and limitations of the MSM? - ANSWER-Strengths: The model is
broken down into different components. There is evidence works using Milner's study on
STM and Glanzer and Cunitz.
Limitations: It's too simplistic and not enough information. The concept of decay is
without empirical support. It does not explain reconstructive memory and it doesn't
explain the role of emotion.
What are the three components of the multi-store model of memory? - ANSWER-
Sensory information: Also known as modality specific, that is, related to different
senses, such as hearing vision.
Short-Term Memory Store: The capacity of this store is limited to around 7 items and its
duration is from 6-12 seconds. The material is quickly lost if not given attention.
Long-Term Memory Store: Is known as a vast storehouse of information. It is believed
to be of indefinite duration and of potentially unlimited capacity. Memories can be
distorted when they are retrieved because gaps are filled in to create meaningful
memory.
Who made the working memory model? - ANSWER-Baddeley and Hitch in 1974.
What are the components of the working memory model? - ANSWER-Central Executive
Phonological Loop
Episodic Buffer
Visuospatial sketchpad
