Explaining Offenders Explaining Offences
- Privatisation of public space
- Housing policies and tipping Shearing & Stenning (1983) points out growth of shopping centres and leisure
Morris (1957) found people in areas of high delinquency held similar values different complexes which are both public spaces where most people are welcomed and are
from mainstream society. private in that they are privately owned.
Owners have the power to exclude undesirable people.
He suggested a key factor in concentration of these delinquents was linked to
housing policies. - There has been growth in gated communities, housing estates where only
residents and guests are allowed.
Tipping is informal social control imposed by residents.
Informal social control would limit the amount of crime that could take place, when - Shearing & Stenning argue owners of these private places take
families who would enforce informal social control saw too much crime, they would responsibility for policing them (CCTV & Security Guards). This has led to
get fed up and leave, this process would repeat until housing was filled up with the privatisation of public space.
somebody who anti-social families, this process would speed up as relatives of
anti-social families would move into these areas. - Police are increasingly confined to more peripheral areas of the city and to
the ‘poorer’ housing estates. Exclusion of undesirable groups from these
This would lead to deterioration in estates. private ‘public’ areas has displaced crime to less affluent public areas.
- Physical deterioration Crime and
High budget areas soon fall victim to increasing crime rates and - Nocturnal economy
Deviance - If different places have varying levels of crime depending on the area,
due to this sustained damage which then causes reduction in
maintenance for the area as it becomes more and more
Marxist Theory
Environmental this is also applicable depending on their time.
dangerous to look after. Further increasing crime rate and Crime (2)
legitimate efforts to reduce crime rate. - A busy city centre, for example, is full of families shopping
during the day. And at night becomes the location for young
people seeking pleasure at night. Therefore, the same
location provides different purposes depending on the time of
day.
- Hobbs & Lister (2000) establish the nocturnal economy, huge
numbers of young people come together during a very
narrow time band in the night to search for pleasure. Three
quarters of all violent incidents happen between 9pm and
3am from these people.
- There are relatively few police officers available at this time,
therefore, bulk of ‘policing’ is enforced by private security
companies.
- High rates of violent crime occurring within the framework of
time and space illustrate Cohen and Felson’s three elements
of high rates of crime: Offenders, Targets, and lack of
guardians.
- Privatisation of public space
- Housing policies and tipping Shearing & Stenning (1983) points out growth of shopping centres and leisure
Morris (1957) found people in areas of high delinquency held similar values different complexes which are both public spaces where most people are welcomed and are
from mainstream society. private in that they are privately owned.
Owners have the power to exclude undesirable people.
He suggested a key factor in concentration of these delinquents was linked to
housing policies. - There has been growth in gated communities, housing estates where only
residents and guests are allowed.
Tipping is informal social control imposed by residents.
Informal social control would limit the amount of crime that could take place, when - Shearing & Stenning argue owners of these private places take
families who would enforce informal social control saw too much crime, they would responsibility for policing them (CCTV & Security Guards). This has led to
get fed up and leave, this process would repeat until housing was filled up with the privatisation of public space.
somebody who anti-social families, this process would speed up as relatives of
anti-social families would move into these areas. - Police are increasingly confined to more peripheral areas of the city and to
the ‘poorer’ housing estates. Exclusion of undesirable groups from these
This would lead to deterioration in estates. private ‘public’ areas has displaced crime to less affluent public areas.
- Physical deterioration Crime and
High budget areas soon fall victim to increasing crime rates and - Nocturnal economy
Deviance - If different places have varying levels of crime depending on the area,
due to this sustained damage which then causes reduction in
maintenance for the area as it becomes more and more
Marxist Theory
Environmental this is also applicable depending on their time.
dangerous to look after. Further increasing crime rate and Crime (2)
legitimate efforts to reduce crime rate. - A busy city centre, for example, is full of families shopping
during the day. And at night becomes the location for young
people seeking pleasure at night. Therefore, the same
location provides different purposes depending on the time of
day.
- Hobbs & Lister (2000) establish the nocturnal economy, huge
numbers of young people come together during a very
narrow time band in the night to search for pleasure. Three
quarters of all violent incidents happen between 9pm and
3am from these people.
- There are relatively few police officers available at this time,
therefore, bulk of ‘policing’ is enforced by private security
companies.
- High rates of violent crime occurring within the framework of
time and space illustrate Cohen and Felson’s three elements
of high rates of crime: Offenders, Targets, and lack of
guardians.
