Cells
Student notes
Learning Objectives After
After
By the end of this topic students should be able to: revision
lesson
for test
Define the term eukaryotic, and identify animal, plant, fungi and algae cells as
eukaryotic cells.
,Animal Cells
Describe the general structure of an animal cell as seen under an optical microscope
Label the ultrastructure of an animal cell identifying the following organelles:
● Cell surface membrane
● microvilli
● nucleus
● mitochondria
● lysosomes
● ribosomes
● endoplasmic reticulum
● Golgi apparatus
Describe the structure and state the function of each of the above organelles within
the eukaryotic cell.
Apply your knowledge of these features to explain the adaptations of other
eukaryotic cells.
Plant Cells
State the differences between plant and animal cells
Draw and label a diagram of a palisade cell as seen under an optical microscope
Describe the structure and function of the following organelles:
● Cell wall
● Chloroplast
● Large central vacuole
Apply knowledge of these and other features of eukaryotic cells in explaining how
other plant cells may be adapted to their function.
Bacterial Cells
Define the term prokaryotic, and identify bacterial cells as prokaryotic cells.
State prokaryotic cell does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles.
Label the ultrastructure of a bacterial cell identifying the following structures;
● Cell wall (containing murein)
● Cell surface membrane
● Circular DNA free in cytoplasm
● 70s ribosomes
● Flagellum
● Capsule
● Plasmids.
2
, Compare and contrast a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
Viruses
Describe the basic structure of a virus to include;
● Genetic material
● Capsid
● Attachment protein
Explain why viruses require living cells to replicate.
Studying Cells
Compare and contrast an optical (light) microscope and an electron microscope.
Compare and contrast a scanning and a transmission electron microscope.
Identify images produced using different microscope types.
Define the terms magnification and resolution.
Explain the difference between magnification and resolution.
Describe the limitations of the optical (light) microscope.
Describe the limitations of the electron microscope.
State why pure samples of organelles are needed for study.
Describe the procedure for separating cell organelles including
● Cell fractionation
● Ultracentrifugation
●
Explain why an ice cold isotonic buffer solution is used.
3
Student notes
Learning Objectives After
After
By the end of this topic students should be able to: revision
lesson
for test
Define the term eukaryotic, and identify animal, plant, fungi and algae cells as
eukaryotic cells.
,Animal Cells
Describe the general structure of an animal cell as seen under an optical microscope
Label the ultrastructure of an animal cell identifying the following organelles:
● Cell surface membrane
● microvilli
● nucleus
● mitochondria
● lysosomes
● ribosomes
● endoplasmic reticulum
● Golgi apparatus
Describe the structure and state the function of each of the above organelles within
the eukaryotic cell.
Apply your knowledge of these features to explain the adaptations of other
eukaryotic cells.
Plant Cells
State the differences between plant and animal cells
Draw and label a diagram of a palisade cell as seen under an optical microscope
Describe the structure and function of the following organelles:
● Cell wall
● Chloroplast
● Large central vacuole
Apply knowledge of these and other features of eukaryotic cells in explaining how
other plant cells may be adapted to their function.
Bacterial Cells
Define the term prokaryotic, and identify bacterial cells as prokaryotic cells.
State prokaryotic cell does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles.
Label the ultrastructure of a bacterial cell identifying the following structures;
● Cell wall (containing murein)
● Cell surface membrane
● Circular DNA free in cytoplasm
● 70s ribosomes
● Flagellum
● Capsule
● Plasmids.
2
, Compare and contrast a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
Viruses
Describe the basic structure of a virus to include;
● Genetic material
● Capsid
● Attachment protein
Explain why viruses require living cells to replicate.
Studying Cells
Compare and contrast an optical (light) microscope and an electron microscope.
Compare and contrast a scanning and a transmission electron microscope.
Identify images produced using different microscope types.
Define the terms magnification and resolution.
Explain the difference between magnification and resolution.
Describe the limitations of the optical (light) microscope.
Describe the limitations of the electron microscope.
State why pure samples of organelles are needed for study.
Describe the procedure for separating cell organelles including
● Cell fractionation
● Ultracentrifugation
●
Explain why an ice cold isotonic buffer solution is used.
3
