1
Leader Russo-Polish relations Ukranians Caucasians Finns Baltic Provinces Jewish
(Estonia, Latvia population
and Lithuania)
Alexander Emancipation edict led Wished to N/A Liberal stance, N/A Allowed
II to a rise in polish build a conceding to a members of
nationalism (thought separate separate the Pale of
they’d receive more cultural Finnish Settlement
freedoms too), wanting identity parliament in (region where
political autonomy, reflected in 1863 and a Jews could
educational reforms etc. literature and constitution in settle) to
Staunch nationalists the arts so 1865 migrate to
wanted full Alexander other regions
independence and were issued
suspicious of decrees in
Wielopolski (polish PM) 1863 and
who wanted partial 1876
independence with forbidding the
Russian approval. publication
Growing protests in and import of
1862 set the stage for books written
the Polish Revolt 1863 in Ukrainian
where rebels used
Guerilla warfare to
threaten gov stability
but lacked peasant
support and were put
down. Direct control of
Poland was given to
war minister Milyutin:
hundreds of polish
nobility exiled to Serbia
(estates given to
Russian officials), polish
peasants were
emancipated on better
terms than the
Russians (could pay for
land via reformed tax
system), rural district
councils were set up,
thus levels of
nationalism and
autonomy both
decreased, Russian
became the official
language
Alexander N/A Reinforced by Those living in Fairly liberal The states were Clamped down
III Alexander III the Caucasus stance relatively stable + as he thought
(1883 laws region of Russia prosperous, they were
limiting the were divided given the responsible for
Ukrainian along religious abundant supply the 1876
language + in ines. The of raw materials Ignatiev
1884 all Armenians and for industrial Memorandum,
theatres were Georgians were activities and the negative
closed) but Christians, and regular, better influences of
the peace the Azeris, payed the West + his
treaty that Chechens, employment in father’s
ended Ossetians and Riga (important assassination
Russian Abkhazians commercial/busin so initiated a
involvement in were Muslims. ess centre) so mini pogrom in
WW1 also These divisions, Russians the Pale
granted coupled with the migrated + their prompted by
Ukrainian high level of economic the Holy
independence illiteracy in the influence League (anti
region, made increased – semitic group)
Russification Russification From 1882,
relatively easy. followed Jews were
Nevertheless, naturally- confined to the
populist Russian Pale, banned
movements language from buying
arose to fight became more prosperous
against widespread rural land,
, 2
repression. restricted
access to
senior
positions in the
military or
medicine,
removed from
the electoral
register of the
Zemstva.
Nicolas II Poland was crucial for N/A the Dashnaks Bobrikov N/A Continued the
fuelling Russian and the (governing anti-Jewish
industrialisation and a Georgian general) fully position since
polish proletariat Mensheviks, integrated they were
showed interest in who proved to Finland into the accused of
Marxism and socialism, be very Russian being
forming the Social antagonistic empire, revolutionaries
Democratic Party in towards disbanding its as some were
1893 and nationalists Nicholas II. The separate army, affiliated to the
formed the National Dashnaks abolishing the Social
Democrats group and organised their Finnish State Democrats,
some politicians own self- Secretariat + however he did
contributed to the defence militias Russian allow them to
Duma. to be used became the sit on the
WW1: by 1915 German against main language. Duma
and Austrian advanced intrusions by Opposition
meant Russia had to Russian oficials. through passive
give up jurisdiction over The Georgian non-
Warsaw and Vilna- Mensheviks led cooperation +
Poland was free from the nationalist assassination
Russian rule although movement in of Bobrikov in
official independence Georgia but 1904. In 1905
wasn’t granted until also sought to Finland gained
1918 with the Treaty of make an ally full autonomy,
Brest-Litovsk with Germany. but Stolypin
reneged on this
the same year.
Treaty of Brest-
Litovsk enabled
lasting
independence
Lenin The Russian civil war Couldn’t Georgia After WW1, Russification Highly
created the prospect of maintain regained Finland happened repressive
Poland losing its new independence independence established a naturally as
freedom but the Red as they in 1920 but was republican style German influence
Army was defeated in couldn’t resist retaken by the gov under over Estonia,
1920 when trying to the strength of Red Army in Kaarlo Juho Latvia and
recapture polish the Red Army 1921, who Stahlberg but Lithuania waned
territory (which Lenin during the suggested it there were and Russian
thought would free the Civil War should be many border economic
workers from tyranny (1917-21) amalgamated disputes with influence
but they didn’t welcome surgery soviets increased and
him how he envisaged), Armenia and including Pork the rise of
being halted outside Azerbaijan but Mutiny (1922). nationalism
Warsaw then having to Georgian The Treaty of amongst natives
retreat. Signed an communists Tartu (1920) was never
armistice on October 16 argued they meant Finland enough to gain
1920 to confirm should be gained full
Poland’s independence included in the Petsamo but independence.
and its authority over Soviet Union allowed East
Ukraine and western Karelia to
Belorussia. become
independent.
Stalin the signing of the Nazi- Ukrainian Stalin, in his By the 1930s, During the early More 'special
Soviet non-aggression peasants were role as Stalin had years of the settlements
pact of August 1939 fully aware of commissar for placed Finland Second World were
(see page 153). The their national under further War (1939-41), established in
signing of the pact was, importance to minorities, pressure by the three states the 1930s,
in reality, an admission the Russian ordered hindering its were annexed to such as that at
to Poland by the economy and Ordjonikidze, merchant the federal Khaburovsk.
Russian leadership that were resistant his shipping, system of By the Second
the Soviet Union would to changes representative especially in Russian World War,
not interfere in any that they in Georgia, to the seas government more
Leader Russo-Polish relations Ukranians Caucasians Finns Baltic Provinces Jewish
(Estonia, Latvia population
and Lithuania)
Alexander Emancipation edict led Wished to N/A Liberal stance, N/A Allowed
II to a rise in polish build a conceding to a members of
nationalism (thought separate separate the Pale of
they’d receive more cultural Finnish Settlement
freedoms too), wanting identity parliament in (region where
political autonomy, reflected in 1863 and a Jews could
educational reforms etc. literature and constitution in settle) to
Staunch nationalists the arts so 1865 migrate to
wanted full Alexander other regions
independence and were issued
suspicious of decrees in
Wielopolski (polish PM) 1863 and
who wanted partial 1876
independence with forbidding the
Russian approval. publication
Growing protests in and import of
1862 set the stage for books written
the Polish Revolt 1863 in Ukrainian
where rebels used
Guerilla warfare to
threaten gov stability
but lacked peasant
support and were put
down. Direct control of
Poland was given to
war minister Milyutin:
hundreds of polish
nobility exiled to Serbia
(estates given to
Russian officials), polish
peasants were
emancipated on better
terms than the
Russians (could pay for
land via reformed tax
system), rural district
councils were set up,
thus levels of
nationalism and
autonomy both
decreased, Russian
became the official
language
Alexander N/A Reinforced by Those living in Fairly liberal The states were Clamped down
III Alexander III the Caucasus stance relatively stable + as he thought
(1883 laws region of Russia prosperous, they were
limiting the were divided given the responsible for
Ukrainian along religious abundant supply the 1876
language + in ines. The of raw materials Ignatiev
1884 all Armenians and for industrial Memorandum,
theatres were Georgians were activities and the negative
closed) but Christians, and regular, better influences of
the peace the Azeris, payed the West + his
treaty that Chechens, employment in father’s
ended Ossetians and Riga (important assassination
Russian Abkhazians commercial/busin so initiated a
involvement in were Muslims. ess centre) so mini pogrom in
WW1 also These divisions, Russians the Pale
granted coupled with the migrated + their prompted by
Ukrainian high level of economic the Holy
independence illiteracy in the influence League (anti
region, made increased – semitic group)
Russification Russification From 1882,
relatively easy. followed Jews were
Nevertheless, naturally- confined to the
populist Russian Pale, banned
movements language from buying
arose to fight became more prosperous
against widespread rural land,
, 2
repression. restricted
access to
senior
positions in the
military or
medicine,
removed from
the electoral
register of the
Zemstva.
Nicolas II Poland was crucial for N/A the Dashnaks Bobrikov N/A Continued the
fuelling Russian and the (governing anti-Jewish
industrialisation and a Georgian general) fully position since
polish proletariat Mensheviks, integrated they were
showed interest in who proved to Finland into the accused of
Marxism and socialism, be very Russian being
forming the Social antagonistic empire, revolutionaries
Democratic Party in towards disbanding its as some were
1893 and nationalists Nicholas II. The separate army, affiliated to the
formed the National Dashnaks abolishing the Social
Democrats group and organised their Finnish State Democrats,
some politicians own self- Secretariat + however he did
contributed to the defence militias Russian allow them to
Duma. to be used became the sit on the
WW1: by 1915 German against main language. Duma
and Austrian advanced intrusions by Opposition
meant Russia had to Russian oficials. through passive
give up jurisdiction over The Georgian non-
Warsaw and Vilna- Mensheviks led cooperation +
Poland was free from the nationalist assassination
Russian rule although movement in of Bobrikov in
official independence Georgia but 1904. In 1905
wasn’t granted until also sought to Finland gained
1918 with the Treaty of make an ally full autonomy,
Brest-Litovsk with Germany. but Stolypin
reneged on this
the same year.
Treaty of Brest-
Litovsk enabled
lasting
independence
Lenin The Russian civil war Couldn’t Georgia After WW1, Russification Highly
created the prospect of maintain regained Finland happened repressive
Poland losing its new independence independence established a naturally as
freedom but the Red as they in 1920 but was republican style German influence
Army was defeated in couldn’t resist retaken by the gov under over Estonia,
1920 when trying to the strength of Red Army in Kaarlo Juho Latvia and
recapture polish the Red Army 1921, who Stahlberg but Lithuania waned
territory (which Lenin during the suggested it there were and Russian
thought would free the Civil War should be many border economic
workers from tyranny (1917-21) amalgamated disputes with influence
but they didn’t welcome surgery soviets increased and
him how he envisaged), Armenia and including Pork the rise of
being halted outside Azerbaijan but Mutiny (1922). nationalism
Warsaw then having to Georgian The Treaty of amongst natives
retreat. Signed an communists Tartu (1920) was never
armistice on October 16 argued they meant Finland enough to gain
1920 to confirm should be gained full
Poland’s independence included in the Petsamo but independence.
and its authority over Soviet Union allowed East
Ukraine and western Karelia to
Belorussia. become
independent.
Stalin the signing of the Nazi- Ukrainian Stalin, in his By the 1930s, During the early More 'special
Soviet non-aggression peasants were role as Stalin had years of the settlements
pact of August 1939 fully aware of commissar for placed Finland Second World were
(see page 153). The their national under further War (1939-41), established in
signing of the pact was, importance to minorities, pressure by the three states the 1930s,
in reality, an admission the Russian ordered hindering its were annexed to such as that at
to Poland by the economy and Ordjonikidze, merchant the federal Khaburovsk.
Russian leadership that were resistant his shipping, system of By the Second
the Soviet Union would to changes representative especially in Russian World War,
not interfere in any that they in Georgia, to the seas government more
