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1. In3fTable3f1,3fidentify3fthe3flevel3fof3fmeasurement3ffor3fthe3fcurrent3ftherapy3fvariable.3fProvid
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Answer:3fThe3fcurrent3ftherapy3fvariable3fwas3fmeasured3fat3fthe3fnominal3flevel.3fThese3fdrug3fc
ategoriesw ere3fprobably3fdeveloped3fto3fbe3fexhaustive3ffor3fthis3fstudy3fand3fincluded3fthe3fcategor
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ies3fof3fdrugs3fthesubjects3fwere3freceiving.3fHowever,3fthe3fcategories3fare3fnot3fexclusive,3fsinc
e3fpatients3fare3fusually3fon3fmore3fthan3fone3fcategory3fof3fthese3fdrugs3fto3fmanage3ftheir3fhealt
h3fproblems.3fThe3fcurrent3ftherapies3 f are3fnot3fmeasured3fat3fthe3fordinal3flevel3fbecause3fthey3fcan
not3fbe3frank3fordered,3fsince3fno3fdrug3fcategory3fcan3fbe3fconsidered3fmore3for3fless3fbeneficial3ft
han3fanother3fdrug3fcategory3f(see3fFigure3f1-1;3fGrove3f&3fGray,3f2019).
2. What3 f is3 f the3 f mode3 f for3 f the3 f current3 f therapy3 f variable3 f in3 f this3 f study?3 f Prov
ide3 f a3 f rationale3fforyour3fanswer.
Answer:3 f The3 f mode3 f for3 f current3 f therapy3 f was3 f βblocker.3 f A3 f total3 f of3 f 1003 f (94%)3 f of3 f the3 f ca
rdiac3 f patients3fwere3 f receiving3 f 3 f this3 f category3 f 3 f of3 f 3 f drug,3 f 3 f which3 f 3 f was3 f 3 f the3 f 3 f
most3 f common3 f 3 f prescribed3 f 3 f drug3ffor3 f thissample..X
3. What3 f statistics3 f were3 f conducted3 f to3 f describe3 f the3 f BMI3 f of3 f the3 f cardiac3 f p
atients3 f in3 f this3fsample?Discuss3fwhether3fthese3fanalysis3ftechniques3fwere3fappropriate3fo
r3finappropriate.3 f Answer:3 f BMI3 f was3 f described3 f with3 f a3 f mean3 f and3 f standard3 f d
eviation3 f (SD).3 f BMI3 f measurement3fresulted3fin3fratio-
level3 f data3 f with3fcontinuous3 f values3 f and3 f an3fabsolute3 f zero3f(Stone3 f &3fFrazier,3 f 2017).3fRatio-
3 f level3fdata3fshould3fbe3fanalyzed3fwith3fparametric3fstatistics3fsuch3fas3fthe3fmean3fand3fSD3f(Grove3f
&3fGray,2 017;3fKnapp,3f2017).
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4. Researchers3fusedthefollowingitem3ftomeasure3fregistered3fnurses’3f(RNs)3fincome3fi
n a3fstudy:What3fcategory3fidentifies3fyour3fcurrent3fincome3fas3fan3fRN?
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a. Lessthan$50,000
b. $50,0003fto3f59,999
c. $60,0003fto69,999
d. $70,0003fto3f80,000
e. $80,0003for3fgreater
What3 f level3 f of3 f measurement3 f is3 f this3 f income3 f variable?3 f Does3 f the3 f income3 f varia
ble3 f follow3 f the3 f rules3foutlined3fin3fFigure3f1-1?3fProvide3fa3frationale3ffor3fyour3fanswer.
Answer:3 f In3 f this3 f example,3 f the3 f income3 f variable3 f is3 f measured3 f at3 f the3 f ordinal3 f level.3 f The3
f income3fcatego-
3fries3fare3fexhaustive,3franging3ffrom3fless3fthan3f$50,0003fto3fgreater3fthan3f$80,000.3fThe3ftwo3fope
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categoriesensurethatallsalarylevelsarecovered.3 f 3 f Thecategories are not exclusive,3 f 3 f sincecatego-
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data3f(Grove3f&3fGray,3f2019;3fWaltz3fet3fal.,3f2017).
5. What level of3fmeasurementisthe3fCDSscore?3fProvide a rationale3fforyouranswer.
X. X.
Answer:3fThe3fCDS3fscore3fis3fat3fthe3finterval3flevel3fof3fmeasurement.3fThe3fCDS3fis3fa3f26-
item3fLikert3fscale3fdeveloped3fto3fmeasure3fdepression3fin3fcardiac3fpatients.3fStudy3fparticipant
s3frated3ftheir3fsymp-
3ftoms 3fon3fa3fscale3fof3f13fto3f7,3fwith3fhigher 3fnumbers 3findicating3fincreased3fseverity3fin3fthe3f
depression3fsymptoms.3fThe3ftotal3fscores3ffor3feach3fsubject3fobtained3ffrom3fthis3fmulti-
item3fscale3fare3fconsidered3fto3fbe3fat3fthe3finterval3flevel3fof3fmeasurement3f(Gray3fet3fal.,3f2017;3f
Waltz3fet3fal.,3f2017).
6. Were3 f nonparametric3 f or3 f parametric3 f analysis3 f techniques3 f used3 f to3 f analyze3 f the3 f CD
S3 f scores3fforthe3fcardiac3fpatients3fin3fthis3fstudy?3fProvide3fa3frationale3ffor3fyour3fanswer.
Answer:3fParametric3fstatistics,3fsuch3fas3 f mean3 f and3 f SD,3 f were3 f conducted3 f to3 f des
cribe3 f CDS3fscores3ffor3fstudy3fparticipants3f(see3fTable3f1).3fCDS3fscores3fare3finterval-
level3fdata3fas3findicated3fin3fQuestions3f5,3fso3fparametric3fstatistics3fare3fappropriate3ffor3fthis3flevel
3fof3fdata3f(Gray3fet3fal.,3f2017;3fKim3f&3fMallory,3f2017).
7. Is3 f the3 f prevalence3 f of3 f depression3 f linked3 f to3 f the3 f NYHA3 f class?3 f Discuss3 f the3 f clinical
3 f importance3fof3fthis3fresult.
Answer:3 f The3 f study3 f narrative3 f indicated3 f that3 f the3 f prevalence3 f of3 f depression3 f increased3 f
with3 f the3fgreater3fNYHA3fclass.3fIn3fNYHA3fclass3fIII,3f64%3fof3fthe3fsubjects3fwere3fdepressed,3fw
hereas3f11%3fof3fthesubjects 3fwere3fdepressed3fin3fNYHA3fclass3fI.3fThus,3fas3fthe3fNYHA3fclass3fincre
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ased,3fthe3fnumber3fof3fsub-
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ncreases,3fcardiac3fpatients3fhave3fmore3fsevere3fphysical3fsymptoms,3fwhich3fusually3fresult3fin3femo
tional3fdistress,3fsuch3fas3fdepression.3fNurses3fneed3fto3factively3fassess3fcardiac3fpatients3ffor3fdepre
ssion,3fespecially3 f thosei n 3fhigher3fNYHA3fclasses,3fso3fthey3fmight3fbe3fdiagnosed3fand3ftreated as
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8. What3 f frequency3 f and3 f percent3 f of3 f cardiac3 f patients3 f in3 f this3 f study3 f were3 f not3 f being3
f treated3 f with3fan3fantidepressant?3fShow3fyour3fcalculations3fand3fround3fyour3fanswer3fto3ft
he3fnearest3fwhole3fpercent3f(%).
Answer:3fA3ftotal3fof3f1063fcardiac3fpatients3fparticipated3fin3fthis3fstudy.3fThe3fsample3fincluded
3f153fpatients3fwho3fwere3freceiving3fan3fantidepressant3f(see3fTable3f1).3fThe3 f number3 f of3 f car
diac3fpatients3fnot3 f treated3 f for3 f depression3 f was3 f 913 f (1063 f –
3 f 15 3 f =3 f 91).3 f The3 f group3 f percent3 f is3fcalculated3fby3 f the3 f following3 f form
ula:3 f (group3 f frequency3 f ÷3 f total3 f sample3 f size)3 f ×3f100%.3 f For3 f this3 f study, X
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(913fpatients3f÷3f1063fsample3fsize)3f×3f100%3f=3f0.8583f×3f100%3f=3f85.8%
=3f86%.3fThe3 f finala nswer3 f is3 f rounded3 f to3 f the3 f nearest3 f whole3 f percent3 f as3 f directed3
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f in3 f the3fquestion.3 f You3 f could3 f havealso3fsubtracted3fthe3f14%3fof3fpatients3ftreated3fwith3
fantidepressants 3ffrom 3f100%3fand3fobtained3fthe3f86%3fwho3fwere3fnot3ftreated3fwith3fan3fantide
pressant.
9. What3fwas3fthe3fpurpose3fof3fthe3f6-
minute3fwalk3ftest3f(6MWT)?3fWould3fthe3f6MWT3fbe3fuseful3fin3fclinical3fpractice?
Answer:3fHa3fet3fal.3f(2018)3fstated,3f―The3f6-
min3fwalk3ftest3f(6MWT)3fis3fa3fmeasure3fof3fthe3fsubmaximal,3fsteady-
state3ffunctional3fcapacity‖3fof3fcardiac3fpatients.3fThis3ftest3fwould3fbe3fa3fquick,3feasy3fway3fto3f
, determine3fa3fcardiac3fpatient’s3ffunctional3fstatus3fin3fa3fclinical3 f setting.3 f This3 f functional3fsta
tus3fscore3 f could3 f be3 f used3 f to3 f determine3 f the3 f treatment3 f plan3 f to3 f promote3 f or3 f maint
ain3ffunctional3 f statusof 3fcardiac3fpatients.
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1. In3fTable3f1,3fidentify3fthe3flevel3fof3fmeasurement3ffor3fthe3fcurrent3ftherapy3fvariable.3fProvid
e3fa3frationale3ffor3fyour3fanswer.
Answer:3fThe3fcurrent3ftherapy3fvariable3fwas3fmeasured3fat3fthe3fnominal3flevel.3fThese3fdrug3fc
ategoriesw ere3fprobably3fdeveloped3fto3fbe3fexhaustive3ffor3fthis3fstudy3fand3fincluded3fthe3fcategor
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ies3fof3fdrugs3fthesubjects3fwere3freceiving.3fHowever,3fthe3fcategories3fare3fnot3fexclusive,3fsinc
e3fpatients3fare3fusually3fon3fmore3fthan3fone3fcategory3fof3fthese3fdrugs3fto3fmanage3ftheir3fhealt
h3fproblems.3fThe3fcurrent3ftherapies3 f are3fnot3fmeasured3fat3fthe3fordinal3flevel3fbecause3fthey3fcan
not3fbe3frank3fordered,3fsince3fno3fdrug3fcategory3fcan3fbe3fconsidered3fmore3for3fless3fbeneficial3ft
han3fanother3fdrug3fcategory3f(see3fFigure3f1-1;3fGrove3f&3fGray,3f2019).
2. What3 f is3 f the3 f mode3 f for3 f the3 f current3 f therapy3 f variable3 f in3 f this3 f study?3 f Prov
ide3 f a3 f rationale3fforyour3fanswer.
Answer:3 f The3 f mode3 f for3 f current3 f therapy3 f was3 f βblocker.3 f A3 f total3 f of3 f 1003 f (94%)3 f of3 f the3 f ca
rdiac3 f patients3fwere3 f receiving3 f 3 f this3 f category3 f 3 f of3 f 3 f drug,3 f 3 f which3 f 3 f was3 f 3 f the3 f 3 f
most3 f common3 f 3 f prescribed3 f 3 f drug3ffor3 f thissample..X
3. What3 f statistics3 f were3 f conducted3 f to3 f describe3 f the3 f BMI3 f of3 f the3 f cardiac3 f p
atients3 f in3 f this3fsample?Discuss3fwhether3fthese3fanalysis3ftechniques3fwere3fappropriate3fo
r3finappropriate.3 f Answer:3 f BMI3 f was3 f described3 f with3 f a3 f mean3 f and3 f standard3 f d
eviation3 f (SD).3 f BMI3 f measurement3fresulted3fin3fratio-
level3 f data3 f with3fcontinuous3 f values3 f and3 f an3fabsolute3 f zero3f(Stone3 f &3fFrazier,3 f 2017).3fRatio-
3 f level3fdata3fshould3fbe3fanalyzed3fwith3fparametric3fstatistics3fsuch3fas3fthe3fmean3fand3fSD3f(Grove3f
&3fGray,2 017;3fKnapp,3f2017).
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4. Researchers3fusedthefollowingitem3ftomeasure3fregistered3fnurses’3f(RNs)3fincome3fi
n a3fstudy:What3fcategory3fidentifies3fyour3fcurrent3fincome3fas3fan3fRN?
X.
a. Lessthan$50,000
b. $50,0003fto3f59,999
c. $60,0003fto69,999
d. $70,0003fto3f80,000
e. $80,0003for3fgreater
What3 f level3 f of3 f measurement3 f is3 f this3 f income3 f variable?3 f Does3 f the3 f income3 f varia
ble3 f follow3 f the3 f rules3foutlined3fin3fFigure3f1-1?3fProvide3fa3frationale3ffor3fyour3fanswer.
Answer:3 f In3 f this3 f example,3 f the3 f income3 f variable3 f is3 f measured3 f at3 f the3 f ordinal3 f level.3 f The3
f income3fcatego-
3fries3fare3fexhaustive,3franging3ffrom3fless3fthan3f$50,0003fto3fgreater3fthan3f$80,000.3fThe3ftwo3fope
n-3fended
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categoriesensurethatallsalarylevelsarecovered.3 f 3 f Thecategories are not exclusive,3 f 3 f sincecatego-
X.
r ies
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(d)3f and3f(e)3f include3f an3f $80,0003f salary,3fso3f study3f participants3f making3f $80,0003f might3f mark3
f either
(d)3for3f(e)3for3fboth3fcategories,3fresulting3fin3ferroneous3fdata.3fCategory3f(e)3fcould3fbe3fchang
edto 3fgreater3fthan3f$80,000,3fmaking3fthe3fcategories3fexclusive.3fThe3fcategories3fcan3fbe3frank3
X
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fordered3ffrom 3fthe3flowest3fsalary3fto3fthe3fhighest3fsalary,3fwhich3fis3fconsistent3fwith3fordinal3f
data3f(Grove3f&3fGray,3f2019;3fWaltz3fet3fal.,3f2017).
5. What level of3fmeasurementisthe3fCDSscore?3fProvide a rationale3fforyouranswer.
X. X.
Answer:3fThe3fCDS3fscore3fis3fat3fthe3finterval3flevel3fof3fmeasurement.3fThe3fCDS3fis3fa3f26-
item3fLikert3fscale3fdeveloped3fto3fmeasure3fdepression3fin3fcardiac3fpatients.3fStudy3fparticipant
s3frated3ftheir3fsymp-
3ftoms 3fon3fa3fscale3fof3f13fto3f7,3fwith3fhigher 3fnumbers 3findicating3fincreased3fseverity3fin3fthe3f
depression3fsymptoms.3fThe3ftotal3fscores3ffor3feach3fsubject3fobtained3ffrom3fthis3fmulti-
item3fscale3fare3fconsidered3fto3fbe3fat3fthe3finterval3flevel3fof3fmeasurement3f(Gray3fet3fal.,3f2017;3f
Waltz3fet3fal.,3f2017).
6. Were3 f nonparametric3 f or3 f parametric3 f analysis3 f techniques3 f used3 f to3 f analyze3 f the3 f CD
S3 f scores3fforthe3fcardiac3fpatients3fin3fthis3fstudy?3fProvide3fa3frationale3ffor3fyour3fanswer.
Answer:3fParametric3fstatistics,3fsuch3fas3 f mean3 f and3 f SD,3 f were3 f conducted3 f to3 f des
cribe3 f CDS3fscores3ffor3fstudy3fparticipants3f(see3fTable3f1).3fCDS3fscores3fare3finterval-
level3fdata3fas3findicated3fin3fQuestions3f5,3fso3fparametric3fstatistics3fare3fappropriate3ffor3fthis3flevel
3fof3fdata3f(Gray3fet3fal.,3f2017;3fKim3f&3fMallory,3f2017).
7. Is3 f the3 f prevalence3 f of3 f depression3 f linked3 f to3 f the3 f NYHA3 f class?3 f Discuss3 f the3 f clinical
3 f importance3fof3fthis3fresult.
Answer:3 f The3 f study3 f narrative3 f indicated3 f that3 f the3 f prevalence3 f of3 f depression3 f increased3 f
with3 f the3fgreater3fNYHA3fclass.3fIn3fNYHA3fclass3fIII,3f64%3fof3fthe3fsubjects3fwere3fdepressed,3fw
hereas3f11%3fof3fthesubjects 3fwere3fdepressed3fin3fNYHA3fclass3fI.3fThus,3fas3fthe3fNYHA3fclass3fincre
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ased,3fthe3fnumber3fof3fsub-
3fjects3fwith3fdepression3fincreased.3fThis3fis3fan3fexpected3ffinding3fbecause3fas3fthe3fNYHA3fclass3fi
ncreases,3fcardiac3fpatients3fhave3fmore3fsevere3fphysical3fsymptoms,3fwhich3fusually3fresult3fin3femo
tional3fdistress,3fsuch3fas3fdepression.3fNurses3fneed3fto3factively3fassess3fcardiac3fpatients3ffor3fdepre
ssion,3fespecially3 f thosei n 3fhigher3fNYHA3fclasses,3fso3fthey3fmight3fbe3fdiagnosed3fand3ftreated as
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8. What3 f frequency3 f and3 f percent3 f of3 f cardiac3 f patients3 f in3 f this3 f study3 f were3 f not3 f being3
f treated3 f with3fan3fantidepressant?3fShow3fyour3fcalculations3fand3fround3fyour3fanswer3fto3ft
he3fnearest3fwhole3fpercent3f(%).
Answer:3fA3ftotal3fof3f1063fcardiac3fpatients3fparticipated3fin3fthis3fstudy.3fThe3fsample3fincluded
3f153fpatients3fwho3fwere3freceiving3fan3fantidepressant3f(see3fTable3f1).3fThe3 f number3 f of3 f car
diac3fpatients3fnot3 f treated3 f for3 f depression3 f was3 f 913 f (1063 f –
3 f 15 3 f =3 f 91).3 f The3 f group3 f percent3 f is3fcalculated3fby3 f the3 f following3 f form
ula:3 f (group3 f frequency3 f ÷3 f total3 f sample3 f size)3 f ×3f100%.3 f For3 f this3 f study, X
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(913fpatients3f÷3f1063fsample3fsize)3f×3f100%3f=3f0.8583f×3f100%3f=3f85.8%
=3f86%.3fThe3 f finala nswer3 f is3 f rounded3 f to3 f the3 f nearest3 f whole3 f percent3 f as3 f directed3
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f in3 f the3fquestion.3 f You3 f could3 f havealso3fsubtracted3fthe3f14%3fof3fpatients3ftreated3fwith3
fantidepressants 3ffrom 3f100%3fand3fobtained3fthe3f86%3fwho3fwere3fnot3ftreated3fwith3fan3fantide
pressant.
9. What3fwas3fthe3fpurpose3fof3fthe3f6-
minute3fwalk3ftest3f(6MWT)?3fWould3fthe3f6MWT3fbe3fuseful3fin3fclinical3fpractice?
Answer:3fHa3fet3fal.3f(2018)3fstated,3f―The3f6-
min3fwalk3ftest3f(6MWT)3fis3fa3fmeasure3fof3fthe3fsubmaximal,3fsteady-
state3ffunctional3fcapacity‖3fof3fcardiac3fpatients.3fThis3ftest3fwould3fbe3fa3fquick,3feasy3fway3fto3f
, determine3fa3fcardiac3fpatient’s3ffunctional3fstatus3fin3fa3fclinical3 f setting.3 f This3 f functional3fsta
tus3fscore3 f could3 f be3 f used3 f to3 f determine3 f the3 f treatment3 f plan3 f to3 f promote3 f or3 f maint
ain3ffunctional3 f statusof 3fcardiac3fpatients.
X
.
