Gender bias
AO1
• differential treatment and all representation of male and female behaviour based on stereotypes
and not on real differences
• Threatens universality (conclusions drawn, applied to everyone anywhere regardless of time,
culture difference in experience or upbringing)
• AB: research overestimate the difference between males and females
• FREUD: girls do not suffer the same Oedipal complex as boys
• do not identify with mothers as strongly
• Develop weaker, super egos - weaker morals -> morally inferior
• Beta bias : research underestimate differences between males and females
• Often when females not included with the research process
• ASCH: conformity,
AO3:
S: CREATES MISLEADING ASSUMPTIONS
• scientific validation for sexual discrimination
W: PROMOTES SEXISM WITHIN RES PROC
• lack of women appointed at sorority res pos
• inst sexism
S: SEVERAL SOLUTIONS
• WORRELL: studied in meaningful contexts
S: UNDERSTANDING -> GREATER REFLEXIVITY
• improvements
, Culture bias
AO1
• tendency to ignore cultural differences, and interpret, or phenomena through the lens of one’s
own culture
• ALPHA BIAS: cultural groups profoundly different
• BETA BIAS: real, cultural differences, ignored or minimised
• Resulting in universal research, designs and conclusions that mistakenly assume all cultures the
same
• ETHNOCENTRISM: belief in the superiority of one’s own cultural group
• Believing perspective is normal and correct
• E.G: schizophrenia diagnosed more frequently in African-American populations in Britain
• on basis behaviour such as communication with ancestors that are normal and that subculture
• Ignorance of culture on part of white psychologists
• CULTURAL REL: norms and values only be meaningful and understood within specific social and
cultural context
• Tf, any study that draws sample from one cultural group and generalises, finding to everyone
is suspect
• E.g: ASCH …
AO3
S: CROSS CULTURAL RES
W: SHOULD NOT BE ASS ALL PSYCH CULT RELATIVE
• EKMAN : facial expressions for emotion
S: CULTURAL BIAS LESS OF A PROBLEM THAT ONCE WAS
S: DERIVED ETIC
• BERRY
• Emic studies take place in local setting with local researchers
• Make comparisons between cultures
• learn more about target culture
AO1
• differential treatment and all representation of male and female behaviour based on stereotypes
and not on real differences
• Threatens universality (conclusions drawn, applied to everyone anywhere regardless of time,
culture difference in experience or upbringing)
• AB: research overestimate the difference between males and females
• FREUD: girls do not suffer the same Oedipal complex as boys
• do not identify with mothers as strongly
• Develop weaker, super egos - weaker morals -> morally inferior
• Beta bias : research underestimate differences between males and females
• Often when females not included with the research process
• ASCH: conformity,
AO3:
S: CREATES MISLEADING ASSUMPTIONS
• scientific validation for sexual discrimination
W: PROMOTES SEXISM WITHIN RES PROC
• lack of women appointed at sorority res pos
• inst sexism
S: SEVERAL SOLUTIONS
• WORRELL: studied in meaningful contexts
S: UNDERSTANDING -> GREATER REFLEXIVITY
• improvements
, Culture bias
AO1
• tendency to ignore cultural differences, and interpret, or phenomena through the lens of one’s
own culture
• ALPHA BIAS: cultural groups profoundly different
• BETA BIAS: real, cultural differences, ignored or minimised
• Resulting in universal research, designs and conclusions that mistakenly assume all cultures the
same
• ETHNOCENTRISM: belief in the superiority of one’s own cultural group
• Believing perspective is normal and correct
• E.G: schizophrenia diagnosed more frequently in African-American populations in Britain
• on basis behaviour such as communication with ancestors that are normal and that subculture
• Ignorance of culture on part of white psychologists
• CULTURAL REL: norms and values only be meaningful and understood within specific social and
cultural context
• Tf, any study that draws sample from one cultural group and generalises, finding to everyone
is suspect
• E.g: ASCH …
AO3
S: CROSS CULTURAL RES
W: SHOULD NOT BE ASS ALL PSYCH CULT RELATIVE
• EKMAN : facial expressions for emotion
S: CULTURAL BIAS LESS OF A PROBLEM THAT ONCE WAS
S: DERIVED ETIC
• BERRY
• Emic studies take place in local setting with local researchers
• Make comparisons between cultures
• learn more about target culture
