NR226 - FUNDAMENTALS EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
ACIDOSIS
describes a condition that tends to make the blood relatively TOO ACIDIC
two different types of acidosis:
- respiratory acidosis
- metabolic acidosis
FLUID
water than contains dissolved or suspended substances such as glucose, mineral salts,
and proteins
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
fluid that is OUTSIDE the cells
1/3 of total body water
two major divisions
- intravascular fluid
- interstitial fluid
one minor division
- transcellular fluids
INTRAVASCULAR FLUID
fluid circulating within blood vessels of the body
liquid part of the blood
- the plasma
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
fluid that fills the spaces between most of the cells of the body
provides a substantial portion of the liquid environment of the body
located between the cells and outside the blood vessels
TRANSCELLULAR FLUIDS
secreted by epithelial cells and include the following:
- cerebrospinal fluid
- pleural fluid
- peritoneal fluid
- synovial fluid
INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF)
,fluid that is INSIDE the cells
2/3 of total body water
ELECTROLYTES
Element or compound that, when melted or dissolved in water or other solvent,
dissociates into ions and can carry an electrical current
IONS
charged particles
CATIONS
ions that are positively charged
Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Calcium (Ca++)
Magnesium (Mg++)
ANIONS
ions that are negatively charged
Chloride (Cl-)
Bicarbonate (HCO-3)
OSMOLALITY
Concentration/osmotic pressure of a solution expressed in osmoles or milliosmoles per
kilogram of water
number of particles per kilogram of water
ISOTONIC
fluid with the SAME tonicity as normal blood
referring to a solution that has the SAME osmolarity as body fluids
cell remains UNCHANGED
HYPOTONIC
fluid that is MORE DILUTE than the blood
referring to a solution that has a LOWER osmolarity than body fluids have
causes cells to SWELL
moves fluid from extracellular to intracellular
HYPERTONIC
fluid that is MORE CONCENTRATED than normal blood
,referring to a solution that has a HIGHER osmolarity than body fluids have
causes cells to SHRINK
moves fluid from intracellular to extracellular
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Movement of materials across the cell membrane
requires energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to move electrolytes
across cell membranes against the concentration gradient
movement is from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration
i.e. the sodium-potassium pump
DIFFUSION
passive movement of electrolytes or other particles down a concentration gradient
movement is from areas of HIGHER concentration to areas of lower concentration
memory tip: "di" rhymes with "high"
OSMOSIS
the process of passively moving water from areas of LOWER concentration to higher
concentration
memory tip: "mo" rhymes with "low"
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
inward-pulling force caused by particles in the fluid
PULLS FLUID IN
FILTRATION
Fluid moves into and out of capillaries (between the vascular and interstitial
compartments)
the net effect of four forces, two that tend to move fluid out of capillaries and small
venules and two that tend to move fluid back into them
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
the force of the fluid pressing outward against a surface
PUSHES FLUID OUT
i.e. venous congestion increases capillary hydrostatic pressure, which results in edema
ONCOTIC PRESSURE
also called colloid osmotic pressure
inward pulling force caused by blood proteins that helps move fluid from the interstitial
area back into capillaries
, a small opposing force
SENSIBLE FLUID LOSS
fluid loss than CAN be measured
- urination
- defectation
- bleeding
- wound drainage
- gastric drainage
- vomiting
INSENSIBLE FLUID LOSS
fluid loss that CANNOT be measured
- perspiration
- respiration
affected by changes in humidity, respiratory rate/depth, and fever
THREE PROCESSES THAT MAINTAIN FLUID HOMEOSTASIS
fluid intake and absorption
fluid distribution
fluid output
STEPS FOR INSERTING AN IV CATHETER
Apply tourniquet
select vein
release tourniquet
clean site
reapply tourniquet
insert vascular access device
advance and secure
STEPS FOR REMOVING GOWN FOR A PATIENT WITH AN IV LINE
Remove the sleeve of the gown from the arm WITHOUT the IV
Remove the sleeve of the gown from the arm WITH the IV
Remove the IV solution container from its stand
Pass the IV bag and tubing through the sleeve
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
ACIDOSIS
describes a condition that tends to make the blood relatively TOO ACIDIC
two different types of acidosis:
- respiratory acidosis
- metabolic acidosis
FLUID
water than contains dissolved or suspended substances such as glucose, mineral salts,
and proteins
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
fluid that is OUTSIDE the cells
1/3 of total body water
two major divisions
- intravascular fluid
- interstitial fluid
one minor division
- transcellular fluids
INTRAVASCULAR FLUID
fluid circulating within blood vessels of the body
liquid part of the blood
- the plasma
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
fluid that fills the spaces between most of the cells of the body
provides a substantial portion of the liquid environment of the body
located between the cells and outside the blood vessels
TRANSCELLULAR FLUIDS
secreted by epithelial cells and include the following:
- cerebrospinal fluid
- pleural fluid
- peritoneal fluid
- synovial fluid
INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF)
,fluid that is INSIDE the cells
2/3 of total body water
ELECTROLYTES
Element or compound that, when melted or dissolved in water or other solvent,
dissociates into ions and can carry an electrical current
IONS
charged particles
CATIONS
ions that are positively charged
Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Calcium (Ca++)
Magnesium (Mg++)
ANIONS
ions that are negatively charged
Chloride (Cl-)
Bicarbonate (HCO-3)
OSMOLALITY
Concentration/osmotic pressure of a solution expressed in osmoles or milliosmoles per
kilogram of water
number of particles per kilogram of water
ISOTONIC
fluid with the SAME tonicity as normal blood
referring to a solution that has the SAME osmolarity as body fluids
cell remains UNCHANGED
HYPOTONIC
fluid that is MORE DILUTE than the blood
referring to a solution that has a LOWER osmolarity than body fluids have
causes cells to SWELL
moves fluid from extracellular to intracellular
HYPERTONIC
fluid that is MORE CONCENTRATED than normal blood
,referring to a solution that has a HIGHER osmolarity than body fluids have
causes cells to SHRINK
moves fluid from intracellular to extracellular
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Movement of materials across the cell membrane
requires energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to move electrolytes
across cell membranes against the concentration gradient
movement is from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration
i.e. the sodium-potassium pump
DIFFUSION
passive movement of electrolytes or other particles down a concentration gradient
movement is from areas of HIGHER concentration to areas of lower concentration
memory tip: "di" rhymes with "high"
OSMOSIS
the process of passively moving water from areas of LOWER concentration to higher
concentration
memory tip: "mo" rhymes with "low"
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
inward-pulling force caused by particles in the fluid
PULLS FLUID IN
FILTRATION
Fluid moves into and out of capillaries (between the vascular and interstitial
compartments)
the net effect of four forces, two that tend to move fluid out of capillaries and small
venules and two that tend to move fluid back into them
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
the force of the fluid pressing outward against a surface
PUSHES FLUID OUT
i.e. venous congestion increases capillary hydrostatic pressure, which results in edema
ONCOTIC PRESSURE
also called colloid osmotic pressure
inward pulling force caused by blood proteins that helps move fluid from the interstitial
area back into capillaries
, a small opposing force
SENSIBLE FLUID LOSS
fluid loss than CAN be measured
- urination
- defectation
- bleeding
- wound drainage
- gastric drainage
- vomiting
INSENSIBLE FLUID LOSS
fluid loss that CANNOT be measured
- perspiration
- respiration
affected by changes in humidity, respiratory rate/depth, and fever
THREE PROCESSES THAT MAINTAIN FLUID HOMEOSTASIS
fluid intake and absorption
fluid distribution
fluid output
STEPS FOR INSERTING AN IV CATHETER
Apply tourniquet
select vein
release tourniquet
clean site
reapply tourniquet
insert vascular access device
advance and secure
STEPS FOR REMOVING GOWN FOR A PATIENT WITH AN IV LINE
Remove the sleeve of the gown from the arm WITHOUT the IV
Remove the sleeve of the gown from the arm WITH the IV
Remove the IV solution container from its stand
Pass the IV bag and tubing through the sleeve
