Test Bank For Mccance & Huether’s Pathophysiology, 9th Edition- 2024 With All Chapters

TEST BANK FOR
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McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and
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Children 9th Edition by Julia Rogers
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Chapter 1-49 v




Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
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Rogers: McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology, 9th Edition
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MULTIPLE CHOICE v




1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
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a. Cells can produce proteins. v v v


b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. v v v v


c. Cells can take in and use nutrients. v v v v v v


d. Cells can synthesize fats. v v v




ANS: C v


In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their
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vsurroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular
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vmetabolic absorption. v




DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering v v




2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
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a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS: C v


The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most
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of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its
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activity. The mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
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Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes
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function as the intracellular digestive system.
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DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering v v




3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove
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hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
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a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B v

, Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove
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hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2, which is
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a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes.
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Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus
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and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore
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complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and
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contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins,
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lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched off
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from the cellular membrane.
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DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering v v




4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell
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injury?
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a. Ribosome
b. Golgi complex v


c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum v v


d. Lysosomes
ANS: D v


The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes
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within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix.
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Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the
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lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self-
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digestion. The chief function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
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The Golgi complex is a network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often located
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near the cell nucleus. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid hormone
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production and removing toxic substances from the cell.
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DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering v v




5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
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a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction v v v v v v


b. Secretion of cortisol v v


c. Increased retention of water v v v


d. Breakdown of fat v v




ANS: C v


Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes
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increases in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to ACTH.
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Breakdown of fat is due to glucagon.
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DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering v v




6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
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a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS: B v

, The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the
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period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S
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= synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during
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which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA
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synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and
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cytoplasmic division.
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DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering v v




7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as
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receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
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a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS: C v


Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for
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electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the ―glue‖ holding cell
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membranes together. Proteases cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are involved in
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cellular protection and lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation.
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DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering v v




8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades may be useful in designing drug
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therapy for which human diseases?
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a. Cardiac and vascular disorders v v v


b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders v v v


c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders v v v


d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders v v v




ANS: B v


Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug
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interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases,
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including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular,
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gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine disorders do not involve this process.
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DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering v v




9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
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membrane?
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a. Carbohydrate chains v


b. Glycoprotein channels v


c. Membrane channel proteins v v


d. Lipid bilayer v




ANS: D v

, The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma membrane. It
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is impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because
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the water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a
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barrier to the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble
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molecules, such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through it readily.
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Carbohydrate chains, glycoprotein channels, and membrane channel proteins do not prevent
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water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the cell membrane.
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DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering v v




10. A student asks for an explanation of the absolute refractory period of the action potential.
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vWhat response by the professor is best?
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a. A stronger than normal impulse will evoke another response.
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b. No stimulus is able to evoke another response at this time.
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c. Multiple stimuli can produce more rapid action potentials. v v v v v v v


d. The hyperpolarized state means a weaker stimulus produces a response.
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ANS: B v


During the absolute refractory state of the action potential, no stimulus is able to evoke
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another response from the cell. A stronger than normal impulse may generate a response in
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the relative refractory period. This period of time is not related to the number of stimuli. A
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hyperpolarized state means a stronger than normal stimulus would be needed to generate a
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response.
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DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering v v




11. Which form of cell communication is used to within the cell itself and with other cells in
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vdirect physical contact? v v


a. Protein channel (gap junction) v v v


b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules v v v


c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters v v v v


d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands v v v v v




ANS: B v


Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane-bound signaling
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molecules that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact with it, they affect
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receptor proteins inside the target cell, and they form protein channels (gap junctions) that
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directly coordinate the activities of adjacent cells. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons
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and cross the synaptic cleft to communicate with the cells they innervate. Ligands are
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involved in binding processes.
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DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering v v




12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some
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vdistance away? v


a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
ANS: D v