AC l D s t BA S t s i
BA St i S UB ST AN l t wH i l H a e c t p TS Ht I 0 N S
I PROT O N A CC t P T O R I
AL n A h l i B As t w H I CH f O R M S OH l ON S IN
WA T t R I SO L U B h t BA S E
RE Y RE A c t I 0N S WI T H A l l D s i
ME T A L t AC I D SA l t t H Y D R OG E N
AC l D t m t t A l 0X I D E S AL T t WA T E R
A l l D t mt T A L H 4 DR O X ID E 7 SAL T t WA TER
A l l D t M t TA L L A R B ON A 1 E S A L t t w A t t R
t lA RBO N DIOXIDE
1O N l C t Q UA 1 I O N S
f OR N t V T RA h i r A t l ON l A l l D t A L nA h l l
A h w A YS S n ME
OH ay t Ht aq Hz0111
fG S OD I U M CA R B U N A T E t t TH ANU l l A CI D
SO D I U M E TH AN0 A T E t WA t t R t l ARB ON
Dl 0 X I Dt
Nail031am LCH COOHLaal
t 2NACH 100 Alf t Oz g t 1120111
t 00 00 UG t O ly t 11,0111
LY Cozi UG t LH 2
law
1
O Aq t h H aq 021g t 112014
C O M MO N AC l D s i
Hy D R O l ti h O R i l H L MA k t s c ti h O R I D t s A k i
s Uh t U r l c A C l D H SO MA ne S S A L i SU L f A T E
N I t R l C A C l D H NO M A KE S SAL T N I T R A t t
E t H A N O l C A C i D CH COOH M A R t s s A h T ETHANOAtt
A l l DS t Ah UAh I s i
ACl D s c or R O S I r t
wtAnd STRONG
I ONs f U h h Y D l S SO C l A t E
L OW E G H X lay Ht lag t X lay
A MO U N t s of
Dl SS OC l A t l ON I AR O V N D l O t
E G H Alaa f Htlah t A Aq
110.1
, DYNAMIC
I 1011
EQUILLIBRIUM
A C I DS L AN B t l O N C E Ni R A T E D l D l h U t t
Ah k A h I S A Rt l A U S t l C CSOAPY F Et h
T I TR A T l O N i
T I t RA t l O N i i t C H N l a v t Us t D TO A C C U R A 1cLY
M E AS U R t rO h U M t O f I s O h Vi ION
THA T RtA l t s t XA l t l 4 W I T H
AN OT H t R s O h U I I 0 N
US E D f OR
o f I N D I N G CO N C O f S U h U T I ON
I D E N T I f l C A T l O N O f U N K N O W N L H t M l l A IS
o f I N D I N a PU R I T 4 O f SU B S T A N l t
d
I M PO R T A N T l t O t QU A h I T Y
A S Pt l O N I RO h
E SP t l l A d hY f O R H U M A N P R O D U C T S AS
S MAh h I M P V R I T I t s l AU S t HA R M
P Rt P A R I N G Si A N D A R D S O h U t l O N Si
S T A N DA R D Sh N i Sh N Of R N O WN C O N C E N T RATION
V O L U M ET R I l f hA S K US E D FO R A l l U R A LY
100cm t 0.20cm
250cm to 30cm
1 AC l U R A t t L Y W t l G H S O h l D
2DI S s O hV t SO L I D I N BEA k t R US I N G h t s s
D I S T I L L E D WA T E R T H A N N E E D E D T O f I L L
VOhU m t t R l c t hAS K T O MA R k
3 T R A N S f t R S O L U T IO N TO VO L U ME T R l C
f h A S k h A S T T R A C E S O f S O h U i l 0 N RIN S t D
I Nt O f h A S K W I T H D I S T I L l t D WA t t R
4 f h AS K CA R E f U h h Y f I h h t D T O G RAD UA T ION
L I Nt B U A D D I N ti D I S I I L h t D W A t t R I
D RO P A T A T I Mt
CARE ESSENTIAL TOO MUCH1LITTLE ALTERS CONC REPREPARE READ
MENISCUS AT EYE LEVEL
5 I N V E RT V U L V M E T R l l f h A S K S h O W h 4 SEVERAL
TI M t S TO T H O R O U GH l Y M IX S h N
If MISSED Ovi CONC NOT EVEN SO INCONSISTENT TITRATIONS
AC I D B AS E t I i R A T l O NS
S LN O f Al I D T I i R A T E D A GA I N s t s hN Of
B AS E US I N G P I P t t t E t B UR ET TE
10cm P I P CTie t O 041M
BA St i S UB ST AN l t wH i l H a e c t p TS Ht I 0 N S
I PROT O N A CC t P T O R I
AL n A h l i B As t w H I CH f O R M S OH l ON S IN
WA T t R I SO L U B h t BA S E
RE Y RE A c t I 0N S WI T H A l l D s i
ME T A L t AC I D SA l t t H Y D R OG E N
AC l D t m t t A l 0X I D E S AL T t WA T E R
A l l D t mt T A L H 4 DR O X ID E 7 SAL T t WA TER
A l l D t M t TA L L A R B ON A 1 E S A L t t w A t t R
t lA RBO N DIOXIDE
1O N l C t Q UA 1 I O N S
f OR N t V T RA h i r A t l ON l A l l D t A L nA h l l
A h w A YS S n ME
OH ay t Ht aq Hz0111
fG S OD I U M CA R B U N A T E t t TH ANU l l A CI D
SO D I U M E TH AN0 A T E t WA t t R t l ARB ON
Dl 0 X I Dt
Nail031am LCH COOHLaal
t 2NACH 100 Alf t Oz g t 1120111
t 00 00 UG t O ly t 11,0111
LY Cozi UG t LH 2
law
1
O Aq t h H aq 021g t 112014
C O M MO N AC l D s i
Hy D R O l ti h O R i l H L MA k t s c ti h O R I D t s A k i
s Uh t U r l c A C l D H SO MA ne S S A L i SU L f A T E
N I t R l C A C l D H NO M A KE S SAL T N I T R A t t
E t H A N O l C A C i D CH COOH M A R t s s A h T ETHANOAtt
A l l DS t Ah UAh I s i
ACl D s c or R O S I r t
wtAnd STRONG
I ONs f U h h Y D l S SO C l A t E
L OW E G H X lay Ht lag t X lay
A MO U N t s of
Dl SS OC l A t l ON I AR O V N D l O t
E G H Alaa f Htlah t A Aq
110.1
, DYNAMIC
I 1011
EQUILLIBRIUM
A C I DS L AN B t l O N C E Ni R A T E D l D l h U t t
Ah k A h I S A Rt l A U S t l C CSOAPY F Et h
T I TR A T l O N i
T I t RA t l O N i i t C H N l a v t Us t D TO A C C U R A 1cLY
M E AS U R t rO h U M t O f I s O h Vi ION
THA T RtA l t s t XA l t l 4 W I T H
AN OT H t R s O h U I I 0 N
US E D f OR
o f I N D I N G CO N C O f S U h U T I ON
I D E N T I f l C A T l O N O f U N K N O W N L H t M l l A IS
o f I N D I N a PU R I T 4 O f SU B S T A N l t
d
I M PO R T A N T l t O t QU A h I T Y
A S Pt l O N I RO h
E SP t l l A d hY f O R H U M A N P R O D U C T S AS
S MAh h I M P V R I T I t s l AU S t HA R M
P Rt P A R I N G Si A N D A R D S O h U t l O N Si
S T A N DA R D Sh N i Sh N Of R N O WN C O N C E N T RATION
V O L U M ET R I l f hA S K US E D FO R A l l U R A LY
100cm t 0.20cm
250cm to 30cm
1 AC l U R A t t L Y W t l G H S O h l D
2DI S s O hV t SO L I D I N BEA k t R US I N G h t s s
D I S T I L L E D WA T E R T H A N N E E D E D T O f I L L
VOhU m t t R l c t hAS K T O MA R k
3 T R A N S f t R S O L U T IO N TO VO L U ME T R l C
f h A S k h A S T T R A C E S O f S O h U i l 0 N RIN S t D
I Nt O f h A S K W I T H D I S T I L l t D WA t t R
4 f h AS K CA R E f U h h Y f I h h t D T O G RAD UA T ION
L I Nt B U A D D I N ti D I S I I L h t D W A t t R I
D RO P A T A T I Mt
CARE ESSENTIAL TOO MUCH1LITTLE ALTERS CONC REPREPARE READ
MENISCUS AT EYE LEVEL
5 I N V E RT V U L V M E T R l l f h A S K S h O W h 4 SEVERAL
TI M t S TO T H O R O U GH l Y M IX S h N
If MISSED Ovi CONC NOT EVEN SO INCONSISTENT TITRATIONS
AC I D B AS E t I i R A T l O NS
S LN O f Al I D T I i R A T E D A GA I N s t s hN Of
B AS E US I N G P I P t t t E t B UR ET TE
10cm P I P CTie t O 041M
