WGU Web Development Foundations – C779 Study Notes
Introduction
HTML5
Hypertext refers to the hyperlinks that an HTML page may contain;
markup language refers to the way tags are used to define the page layout and elements within
the page
The “5” denotes the current version of the language being used.
Cascading style sheets (CSS) are also used to format web pages, to help define text styles, table sizes,
and other aspects of web page design. Appearance and styling.
MOD 1
March 1989 that Tim Berners-Lee proposed WWW. he creates many of the tools we still use on the web,
including HTTP, HTML, a browser and WYSIWYG editor for web pages, and later the URL structure we’re
all familiar with. The first web server went online at CERN in December 1990
For the World Wide Web, and consequently for the objectives of this course, the more important service
and its corresponding protocol is HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) which allows access to hypertext
documents through the use of a unique uniform resource locator (URL). Both the format of hypertext
documents and their unique URLs are defined by standards set by the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C). W3C defines important technical specifications, such as how the main parts of a URL are
composed.
First part of URL is protocol and the second part is resource name. Http://www.lynda.com. The //www
is subdomain. .lynda is domain and .com is top level domain.
A markup language is a way to insert annotation into a text document, so it can be distinguished from
the original text. In other words, a computer can process the annotated text and always be able to
determine which portions are the original text, and which portions are the annotations.
The contents of each webpage are defined by HTML tags. Basic page tags, such as <head>, <body>, and
<div> define sections of the page, while tags such as <table>, <form>, <image>, and <a> define elements
within the page. Most elements require a beginning and end tag, with the content placed between the
tags. Elements are data located between the tags.
formatting a portion of text as a title is defined by: <title>Page Title</title>, where the starting tag is
<title>, the content is the text "Page Title," and the ending tag is </title>.
<em><strong>annotation</strong></em> parent tags must be closed after child tags.
XML (Extensible Markup Language) is used for storing structured data, rather than formatting
information on a page. While HTML documents use predefined tags (like the examples above), XML files
use custom tags to define elements.
The usual reason to adopt CSS is to define a same-format option for each HTML element. Therefore,
instead of repeatedly establishing a formatting option at each instance of an element, formatting can be
defined in the CSS document and then applied to the entire HTML file.
,MOD 2 Markup Languages - XML
Markup language is a structured set of computer code elements that are assembled in a specific way,
which provide the formatting for how text and other web page features (a button that a user may click,
or a text field into which a user will enter content) will appear.
Content is arranged in tags, which are structured within the < > symbols. The structure of the tag and
the content within the < > symbols provide instructions concerning what content will display on the web
page, and what style elements, such as color or font, will be applied and visually displayed.
HTML, unlike programming languages, is not case sensitive because the language is intended to be
tolerant of a wide audience of web developers who may create code without regard for formal code
development.
XML, unlike HTML, is case sensitive because it is used by other applications beyond web browsers, for
which formal definition (including case sensitivity and formal syntax) of terms is required.
XML is a markup language that you can use to structure and format any kind of data that has multiple
purposes, such as:
Data storage
Data retrieval
Data mining
Data processing—which may include content that will display on a web page
The structure of an XML file can be understood as a hierarchy of tags that categorize parts of text. Each
XML tag holds some structural information, plus textual content.
Note that XML tags can be nested. Nesting is indicated by an indentation so the web designer can easily
visualize where content will be nested. Elements can be nested within elements.
XML is considered extensible because it is more versatile than HTML. With HTML, tags are specific and
fixed. With XML, you can invent whatever tag categories you wish, and add as many tags as you want in
order to highlight specific information in your code.
Additionally, the addition or removal of XML elements will not affect the processing of the XML file.
XML tags follow one of two formats, as was shown in the previous code snippets:
Element tags: <tag_name, attributes>text</tag_name>
o Example: <city>"LA"</city>
Self-closing tags: <tag_name, attributes />
o Example: <hierarchy title="United States" />
You will notice that both formats include:
a tag name, which is any unique identifier for a tag kind
attributes, which are an optional list of pairs attribute_name="attribute_value"
, The XML above is quite self-descriptive:
It has sender information.
It has receiver information
It has a heading
It has a message body.
But still, the XML above does not DO anything. XML is just information wrapped in tags. Someone must
write a piece of software to send, receive, store, or display it:
XML and HTML were designed with different goals:
XML was designed to carry data - with focus on what data is
HTML was designed to display data - with focus on how data looks
XML tags are not predefined like HTML tags are
The XML language has no predefined tags. With XML, the author must define both the tags and the
document structure.
XML documents must contain one root element that is the parent of all other elements: In this example
<note> is the root element, and the first line is called the XML Prolog or Declaration.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
</note>
The XML prolog is optional. If it exists, it must come first in the document. XML documents can contain
international characters. UTF-8 is the default character encoding for XML documents.
In XML, it is illegal to omit the closing tag. All elements must have a closing tag. XML tags are case
sensitive. The tag <Letter> is different from the tag <letter>.
XML elements can have attributes in name/value pairs just like in HTML. In XML, the attribute values
must always be quoted: <note date="12/11/2007">
If you place a character like "<" inside an XML element, it will generate an error because the parser
interprets it as the start of a new element. To avoid this error, replace the "<" character with an entity
reference.
Comments are used to provide documentation within the file. Two dashes in the middle of a comment
are not allowed: <!-- This is an invalid -- comment -->
XML does not truncate multiple white-spaces (HTML truncates multiple white-spaces to one single
white-space):
Windows applications store a new line as: carriage return and line feed (CR+LF).
Introduction
HTML5
Hypertext refers to the hyperlinks that an HTML page may contain;
markup language refers to the way tags are used to define the page layout and elements within
the page
The “5” denotes the current version of the language being used.
Cascading style sheets (CSS) are also used to format web pages, to help define text styles, table sizes,
and other aspects of web page design. Appearance and styling.
MOD 1
March 1989 that Tim Berners-Lee proposed WWW. he creates many of the tools we still use on the web,
including HTTP, HTML, a browser and WYSIWYG editor for web pages, and later the URL structure we’re
all familiar with. The first web server went online at CERN in December 1990
For the World Wide Web, and consequently for the objectives of this course, the more important service
and its corresponding protocol is HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) which allows access to hypertext
documents through the use of a unique uniform resource locator (URL). Both the format of hypertext
documents and their unique URLs are defined by standards set by the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C). W3C defines important technical specifications, such as how the main parts of a URL are
composed.
First part of URL is protocol and the second part is resource name. Http://www.lynda.com. The //www
is subdomain. .lynda is domain and .com is top level domain.
A markup language is a way to insert annotation into a text document, so it can be distinguished from
the original text. In other words, a computer can process the annotated text and always be able to
determine which portions are the original text, and which portions are the annotations.
The contents of each webpage are defined by HTML tags. Basic page tags, such as <head>, <body>, and
<div> define sections of the page, while tags such as <table>, <form>, <image>, and <a> define elements
within the page. Most elements require a beginning and end tag, with the content placed between the
tags. Elements are data located between the tags.
formatting a portion of text as a title is defined by: <title>Page Title</title>, where the starting tag is
<title>, the content is the text "Page Title," and the ending tag is </title>.
<em><strong>annotation</strong></em> parent tags must be closed after child tags.
XML (Extensible Markup Language) is used for storing structured data, rather than formatting
information on a page. While HTML documents use predefined tags (like the examples above), XML files
use custom tags to define elements.
The usual reason to adopt CSS is to define a same-format option for each HTML element. Therefore,
instead of repeatedly establishing a formatting option at each instance of an element, formatting can be
defined in the CSS document and then applied to the entire HTML file.
,MOD 2 Markup Languages - XML
Markup language is a structured set of computer code elements that are assembled in a specific way,
which provide the formatting for how text and other web page features (a button that a user may click,
or a text field into which a user will enter content) will appear.
Content is arranged in tags, which are structured within the < > symbols. The structure of the tag and
the content within the < > symbols provide instructions concerning what content will display on the web
page, and what style elements, such as color or font, will be applied and visually displayed.
HTML, unlike programming languages, is not case sensitive because the language is intended to be
tolerant of a wide audience of web developers who may create code without regard for formal code
development.
XML, unlike HTML, is case sensitive because it is used by other applications beyond web browsers, for
which formal definition (including case sensitivity and formal syntax) of terms is required.
XML is a markup language that you can use to structure and format any kind of data that has multiple
purposes, such as:
Data storage
Data retrieval
Data mining
Data processing—which may include content that will display on a web page
The structure of an XML file can be understood as a hierarchy of tags that categorize parts of text. Each
XML tag holds some structural information, plus textual content.
Note that XML tags can be nested. Nesting is indicated by an indentation so the web designer can easily
visualize where content will be nested. Elements can be nested within elements.
XML is considered extensible because it is more versatile than HTML. With HTML, tags are specific and
fixed. With XML, you can invent whatever tag categories you wish, and add as many tags as you want in
order to highlight specific information in your code.
Additionally, the addition or removal of XML elements will not affect the processing of the XML file.
XML tags follow one of two formats, as was shown in the previous code snippets:
Element tags: <tag_name, attributes>text</tag_name>
o Example: <city>"LA"</city>
Self-closing tags: <tag_name, attributes />
o Example: <hierarchy title="United States" />
You will notice that both formats include:
a tag name, which is any unique identifier for a tag kind
attributes, which are an optional list of pairs attribute_name="attribute_value"
, The XML above is quite self-descriptive:
It has sender information.
It has receiver information
It has a heading
It has a message body.
But still, the XML above does not DO anything. XML is just information wrapped in tags. Someone must
write a piece of software to send, receive, store, or display it:
XML and HTML were designed with different goals:
XML was designed to carry data - with focus on what data is
HTML was designed to display data - with focus on how data looks
XML tags are not predefined like HTML tags are
The XML language has no predefined tags. With XML, the author must define both the tags and the
document structure.
XML documents must contain one root element that is the parent of all other elements: In this example
<note> is the root element, and the first line is called the XML Prolog or Declaration.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
</note>
The XML prolog is optional. If it exists, it must come first in the document. XML documents can contain
international characters. UTF-8 is the default character encoding for XML documents.
In XML, it is illegal to omit the closing tag. All elements must have a closing tag. XML tags are case
sensitive. The tag <Letter> is different from the tag <letter>.
XML elements can have attributes in name/value pairs just like in HTML. In XML, the attribute values
must always be quoted: <note date="12/11/2007">
If you place a character like "<" inside an XML element, it will generate an error because the parser
interprets it as the start of a new element. To avoid this error, replace the "<" character with an entity
reference.
Comments are used to provide documentation within the file. Two dashes in the middle of a comment
are not allowed: <!-- This is an invalid -- comment -->
XML does not truncate multiple white-spaces (HTML truncates multiple white-spaces to one single
white-space):
Windows applications store a new line as: carriage return and line feed (CR+LF).
