4 Mark Crime and Deviance Questions
Outline two ways in which individuals respond to strain with adaptations.
- Innovation- continuing to pursue goals but through illegitimate means.
- Retreatism- abandoning goals and legitimate means completely.
Outline two ways in which social policy may contribute to the labelling of offenders.
- Criminal records e.g. sex offenders register may limit access to career.
- Policy of naming and shaming e.g. through media may result in labelling.
Outline two ways in which laws have been created in the interests of capitalism.
- Many laws place special protection on private property and private wealth e.g. protecting employers from strikes
from trade unions.
- Laws on taxation often have loopholes allowing for tax avoidance. Deregulation- less control over big businesses.
Outline two ways in which left realists explain crime.
- Crime as a result of relative deprivation- more unequal societies have higher crime rates.
- Crime as a resulted of marginalisation of powerless and disadvantaged groups.
Outline two ways the mass media contribute to criminality.
- Print media and news media creating moral panics resulting in amplification of deviance.
- Entertainment industry and Hollywood glamourising crime, gangs, violence etc making it seem appealing
Outline two arguments in favour of the chivalry thesis.
- Statistically, women are less likely to be stopped and searched/ arrested by the police.
- Prison population is 90% male- criminal justice system is more lenient towards females.
Outline two explanations for higher rates of criminal convictions among ethnic minorities.
- The policed are argued to be institutionally racist and are more likely to target ethnic minorities through stop and
search and arrests etc.
- Police have increased activities to tackle terrorism due to rise of fundamentalism, so are more likely to target
Muslim young men.
Outline two features of critical victimology.
- There is a hierarchy of victimisation- rich are more likely to be taken seriously as victims.
- Transgressive approach- goes beyond official definitions of what is crime and who is a victim.
Outline two features of the spiral of denial of state crime.
- Denial of victim- the state will often deny that anyone has suffered as a result of their activities.
- Denial of responsibility- when evidence of victimisation emerges the state denies being responsible.
Outline two examples of secondary green crime.
- Eco-mafias that dispose of toxic waste without processing it to remove harmful chemicals.
- State suppression of environmental activists such as unlawful arrests to prevent exposing of green crime.
, 6 Mark Crime and Deviance Questions
Outline three explanations for the existence of deviant subcultures.
- Appeal of illegitimate opportunity structures when success in the job market is hard to access, especially for some
groups e.g. young working-class males.
- Relative deprivation and sense of disadvantage especially in the age of deindustrialisation.
- Marginalisation and exclusion from mainstream society- searching for individuals who have similar experiences.
Outline three functions the crime and deviance perform for society.
- Boundary maintenance, to revise and redefine rules and value consensus in society.
- Acts as a warning for deeper societal problems e.g. high school truancy rates may indicate wider problem.
- Results in bonding in response to deviance, reinforcing mainstream norms and values.
Outline three features of the deviant career.
- An individual or group may be labelled as deviant by moral entrepreneurs and the label may be internalised and
accepted.
- Once labelled individuals may be attracted into groups of similar labelled individuals which may amplify deviance.
- Self-fulfilling prophecy- labelled individual becomes increasingly like their label. May eventually become a master
status deviant.
Outline three reasons for higher rates of criminal convictions among the working class.
- Selective law enforcement by the police targets working class and is lenient towards middle class.
- Police and CJS is a repressive state apparatus used to suppress the working class to keep them passive.
- Material deprivation among working class results in utilitarian crime to make money or crimes such as drug dealing
etc.
Outline three explanations for corporate crime.
- Competitive nature of capitalism and drive for profit can result in deviant/criminal behaviour to increase profits.
- De-labelling happens with corporate crime, resulting in it being underestimated and less policed.
- In less developed countries the authorities don’t have the power to legally challenge large corporations.
Outline three ways in which the mass media create moral panics.
- By exaggerating and distorting the initial problem.
- By predicting ore and more problems, predicting an increase in the problem.
- By scapegoating an ethnic minority by playing on racist and nationalist fears of some of the population.
Outline three ways in which the internet has contributed to crime.
- Cyber-violence and bullying e.g. online bullying, threats and intimidation.
- Cyber-deception such as online theft by scams and phishing to get people’s banking details.
- Cyber-pornography: paedophile rings often operate online sharing child-pornography across internet platforms.
Outline three reasons for the high rates of imprisonment in the UK.
- Popular punitiveness- politicians pressure courts to be more punitive as they view it as more popular with voters.
- Reduces unemployment figures by imprisoning offenders that are unemployed.
- Failure of rehabilitation strategies results in recidivism and so majority of offenders repeat offend and return to
prison.
Outline two ways in which individuals respond to strain with adaptations.
- Innovation- continuing to pursue goals but through illegitimate means.
- Retreatism- abandoning goals and legitimate means completely.
Outline two ways in which social policy may contribute to the labelling of offenders.
- Criminal records e.g. sex offenders register may limit access to career.
- Policy of naming and shaming e.g. through media may result in labelling.
Outline two ways in which laws have been created in the interests of capitalism.
- Many laws place special protection on private property and private wealth e.g. protecting employers from strikes
from trade unions.
- Laws on taxation often have loopholes allowing for tax avoidance. Deregulation- less control over big businesses.
Outline two ways in which left realists explain crime.
- Crime as a result of relative deprivation- more unequal societies have higher crime rates.
- Crime as a resulted of marginalisation of powerless and disadvantaged groups.
Outline two ways the mass media contribute to criminality.
- Print media and news media creating moral panics resulting in amplification of deviance.
- Entertainment industry and Hollywood glamourising crime, gangs, violence etc making it seem appealing
Outline two arguments in favour of the chivalry thesis.
- Statistically, women are less likely to be stopped and searched/ arrested by the police.
- Prison population is 90% male- criminal justice system is more lenient towards females.
Outline two explanations for higher rates of criminal convictions among ethnic minorities.
- The policed are argued to be institutionally racist and are more likely to target ethnic minorities through stop and
search and arrests etc.
- Police have increased activities to tackle terrorism due to rise of fundamentalism, so are more likely to target
Muslim young men.
Outline two features of critical victimology.
- There is a hierarchy of victimisation- rich are more likely to be taken seriously as victims.
- Transgressive approach- goes beyond official definitions of what is crime and who is a victim.
Outline two features of the spiral of denial of state crime.
- Denial of victim- the state will often deny that anyone has suffered as a result of their activities.
- Denial of responsibility- when evidence of victimisation emerges the state denies being responsible.
Outline two examples of secondary green crime.
- Eco-mafias that dispose of toxic waste without processing it to remove harmful chemicals.
- State suppression of environmental activists such as unlawful arrests to prevent exposing of green crime.
, 6 Mark Crime and Deviance Questions
Outline three explanations for the existence of deviant subcultures.
- Appeal of illegitimate opportunity structures when success in the job market is hard to access, especially for some
groups e.g. young working-class males.
- Relative deprivation and sense of disadvantage especially in the age of deindustrialisation.
- Marginalisation and exclusion from mainstream society- searching for individuals who have similar experiences.
Outline three functions the crime and deviance perform for society.
- Boundary maintenance, to revise and redefine rules and value consensus in society.
- Acts as a warning for deeper societal problems e.g. high school truancy rates may indicate wider problem.
- Results in bonding in response to deviance, reinforcing mainstream norms and values.
Outline three features of the deviant career.
- An individual or group may be labelled as deviant by moral entrepreneurs and the label may be internalised and
accepted.
- Once labelled individuals may be attracted into groups of similar labelled individuals which may amplify deviance.
- Self-fulfilling prophecy- labelled individual becomes increasingly like their label. May eventually become a master
status deviant.
Outline three reasons for higher rates of criminal convictions among the working class.
- Selective law enforcement by the police targets working class and is lenient towards middle class.
- Police and CJS is a repressive state apparatus used to suppress the working class to keep them passive.
- Material deprivation among working class results in utilitarian crime to make money or crimes such as drug dealing
etc.
Outline three explanations for corporate crime.
- Competitive nature of capitalism and drive for profit can result in deviant/criminal behaviour to increase profits.
- De-labelling happens with corporate crime, resulting in it being underestimated and less policed.
- In less developed countries the authorities don’t have the power to legally challenge large corporations.
Outline three ways in which the mass media create moral panics.
- By exaggerating and distorting the initial problem.
- By predicting ore and more problems, predicting an increase in the problem.
- By scapegoating an ethnic minority by playing on racist and nationalist fears of some of the population.
Outline three ways in which the internet has contributed to crime.
- Cyber-violence and bullying e.g. online bullying, threats and intimidation.
- Cyber-deception such as online theft by scams and phishing to get people’s banking details.
- Cyber-pornography: paedophile rings often operate online sharing child-pornography across internet platforms.
Outline three reasons for the high rates of imprisonment in the UK.
- Popular punitiveness- politicians pressure courts to be more punitive as they view it as more popular with voters.
- Reduces unemployment figures by imprisoning offenders that are unemployed.
- Failure of rehabilitation strategies results in recidivism and so majority of offenders repeat offend and return to
prison.
