Solution Manual for
nb nb
Statistics for Nursing
nb nb
Research A Workbook for
nb nb nb nb
Evidence-Based Practice
nb nb
3rd Edition Susan Grove
nb nb nb nb
Daisha
nb
,Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
Measurement: Nominal, 1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable.
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
nbProvide a rationale for your answer. nb nb nb nb nb
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
nbcategories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
nbof drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
nbare usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
nbcurrent therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered,
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
since no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
nb(see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
nb nb nb nb nb nb
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
for your answer.
nb n b nb
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for
n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b
this sample.
n b nb
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
sample? Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
resulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier,
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
2017). Ratio- level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
(Grove & Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017).
nb nb nb nb nb nb
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
n What category identifies your current income as an RN?
b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
a. Less than $50,000 nb nb
b. $50,000 to 59,999 nb nb
c. $60,000 to 69,999 nb nb
d. $70,000 to 80,000 nb nb
e. $80,000 or greater nb nb
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
catego- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
two open-ended
nb nb
AG 1-1 nb
,AG 1-2 nb Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded nb nb nb nb nb nb
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
changed to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be
nb n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
rank ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
their symp- toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
the depression symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
al., 2017).
nb nb
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores
n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
for the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in
n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017;
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
Kim & Mallory, 2017).
nb nb nb nb
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical
n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
importance of this result.
nb nb nb nb
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
increases, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
depression, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and
nb nb nb n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
treated as needed.
nb nb nb
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated
n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
nearest whole percent (%).
nb nb nb nb
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample
n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b
included
n b 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1).
n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b
The number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 =
n b n b n b n b nb n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b
91). The group percent is calculated by the following formula: (group frequency
nb n b n b n b n b n b nb n b n b n b n b n b
÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size)
n b nb n b n b n b nb n b n b n b nb n b n b nb n b n b
× 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to
n b nb n b nb n b nb n b nb n b nb n b n b nb n b n b n b
the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also
n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b nb
subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be
n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
useful in clinical practice?
nb nb nb nb
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
submaximal, steady-state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
quick, easy way to determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical
nb nb nb nb nb n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b
setting. This functional status score could be used to determine the treatment plan
n b n b n b n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
to promote or maintain functional status of cardiac patients.
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
nb nb nb nb nb nb AG 1-3 nb
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of
n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
measurement for the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
for your answer. Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
study was measured with the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
on walking, climbing, lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative).
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
This was a rating scale with values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
Exercise Confidence scale and the subscales were considered interval-level data and
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
analyzed with parametric statistics, such as means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
et al., 2017).
nb nb nb
nb nb
Statistics for Nursing
nb nb
Research A Workbook for
nb nb nb nb
Evidence-Based Practice
nb nb
3rd Edition Susan Grove
nb nb nb nb
Daisha
nb
,Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
Measurement: Nominal, 1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable.
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
nbProvide a rationale for your answer. nb nb nb nb nb
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
nbcategories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
nbof drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
nbare usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
nbcurrent therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered,
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
since no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
nb(see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
nb nb nb nb nb nb
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
for your answer.
nb n b nb
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for
n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b
this sample.
n b nb
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
sample? Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
resulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier,
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
2017). Ratio- level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
(Grove & Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017).
nb nb nb nb nb nb
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
n What category identifies your current income as an RN?
b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
a. Less than $50,000 nb nb
b. $50,000 to 59,999 nb nb
c. $60,000 to 69,999 nb nb
d. $70,000 to 80,000 nb nb
e. $80,000 or greater nb nb
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
catego- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
two open-ended
nb nb
AG 1-1 nb
,AG 1-2 nb Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded nb nb nb nb nb nb
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
changed to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be
nb n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
rank ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
their symp- toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
the depression symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
al., 2017).
nb nb
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores
n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
for the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in
n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017;
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
Kim & Mallory, 2017).
nb nb nb nb
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical
n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
importance of this result.
nb nb nb nb
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
increases, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
depression, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and
nb nb nb n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
treated as needed.
nb nb nb
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated
n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
nearest whole percent (%).
nb nb nb nb
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample
n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b
included
n b 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1).
n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b
The number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 =
n b n b n b n b nb n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b
91). The group percent is calculated by the following formula: (group frequency
nb n b n b n b n b n b nb n b n b n b n b n b
÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size)
n b nb n b n b n b nb n b n b n b nb n b n b nb n b n b
× 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to
n b nb n b nb n b nb n b nb n b nb n b n b nb n b n b n b
the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also
n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b nb
subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be
n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
useful in clinical practice?
nb nb nb nb
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
submaximal, steady-state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
quick, easy way to determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical
nb nb nb nb nb n b n b n b n b n b n b n b n b
setting. This functional status score could be used to determine the treatment plan
n b n b n b n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
to promote or maintain functional status of cardiac patients.
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
nb nb nb nb nb nb AG 1-3 nb
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of
n b nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
measurement for the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
for your answer. Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
study was measured with the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
on walking, climbing, lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative).
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
This was a rating scale with values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
Exercise Confidence scale and the subscales were considered interval-level data and
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
analyzed with parametric statistics, such as means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz
nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb
et al., 2017).
nb nb nb
