Lymphatic system
Introduction
The lymphatic system performs three main functions. It returns surplus interstitial
fluid to the circulation first. It is estimated that 90% of the material in the capillary
is returned. By passing through the capillary wall, the 10% that does not return
becomes part of the tissue cells, the interstitial fluid. As a result, fluid continues to
collect in the tissue space rather than return to the capillaries. When this
happens, blood flow and blood pressure drop drastically, causing oedema
(swelling).
Lymph capillaries transport residual interstitial fluid and proteins into the venous
system. It is called lymph since blood reaches the lymph capillaries. In addition to
absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system, the
lymphatic system also transports these substances to the veins. A finger-shaped
projection known as villi lines the mucosa of the small intestine. A lacteal capillary
is located in the middle of each villus, and blood capillaries are dotted throughout
each villus as well. Blood capillaries absorb most nutrients, but lacteals absorb
fats and fat-soluble vitamins.
Due to its high fat content, the lacteal lymph is protected from microorganisms
and disease. By filtering lymph, lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs kill
microorganisms and other foreign objects. In lymph organs, lymphocytes kill
microbes invading the body.
,Lymph Nodes
A lymph node is a small bean-shaped tissue located along lymphatic vessels. The
lymph nodes serve as filters. Blood antibodies are produced as a result of bacteria
being trapped in lymph nodes by immune system cells. The presence of swollen
or painful lymph nodes is a sign that the immune system is engaged in fighting an
infection.
The lymph nodes in the body are responsible for filtering lymph and recognizing
infection in the body. Whenever an antibody binds to an antigen, it is bound to
that antigen only. As they circulate in the bloodstream, antibodies bind to them
and cause an immune response. The lymph nodes are guided by antibodies
produced by each B cell. Lymph nodes, such as the neck, armpits, abdomen and
groin, are part of the lymphatic system and are found around the body.
In the lymph nodes, bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign particles are washed
out and swallowed by macrophages. It gathers lymphocytes and some antibodies
as the fluid exits the nodes. Antigens that circulate in the lymph nodes are
captured by dendritic cells and presented to lymphocytes. As a result, T-cells and
B-cells could be manufactured. Their surfaces will mount an immune response
against infecting species carrying these antigens.
,Lymphatic organs
Lymph nodes have the
primary job of filtering
lymph and then creating
an immune response
against
microbes/antigens that
get stuck in the lymph.
, Lymphoid organs can be classified as primary or secondary. Bone marrow and
thymus are primary lymphatic organs. The purpose here is to create special
immune system cells called lymphocytes. Lymph nodes, spleens, and tonsils make
up the secondary lymphatic organs. Foreign substances and germs are dealt with
by the immune system cells in these organs. Particles that are not commonly
found in serum are removed by lymph filtering.
Nodes break down microorganisms, tumor cells, inflammation-damaged cells, and
other materials that have been washed out. From the reticular and lymphoid
tissue in the nodes, lymphocytes develop, in addition to forming antibodies and
antitoxins.
Spleen
A thick connective tissue capsule around the spleen and some smooth muscle
fibers surround the spleen, which is located in the upper left abdomen. There is a
membrane surrounding the capsule, like the peritoneum.
Spleens are composed of two compartments, the red pulp, which contains blood,
and the white pulp, which contains lymphoid cells. Molecular wastes, pathogens,
and aged erythrocytes effectively eliminate pathogens and cellular waste from
the blood through the red pulp. White pulp is a lymphoid area where adaptive
immune responses may be triggered. B cells and T cells surround a marginal zone,
a region containing macrophages and B cells in discrete subsets. While blood
flows freely through the marginal region, the white pulp is removed from the
blood stream. Specific signals are required for blood to enter the marginal region.
Blood is taken to and from the spleen through blood arteries, splenic arteries, and
splenic veins. Through mitosis, lymphocytes can divide to prepare an immune
response. Blood cleansing is also one of the functions of the spleen. There are
several effects, including: The removal of aged and damaged blood cells and
platelets from the blood. Ensures that foreign matter, bacteria, viruses, and toxins
are removed from the blood. Old broken-down red blood cells (such as iron) can
be stored for future use or reabsorbed into the blood to be reused in the liver or
Introduction
The lymphatic system performs three main functions. It returns surplus interstitial
fluid to the circulation first. It is estimated that 90% of the material in the capillary
is returned. By passing through the capillary wall, the 10% that does not return
becomes part of the tissue cells, the interstitial fluid. As a result, fluid continues to
collect in the tissue space rather than return to the capillaries. When this
happens, blood flow and blood pressure drop drastically, causing oedema
(swelling).
Lymph capillaries transport residual interstitial fluid and proteins into the venous
system. It is called lymph since blood reaches the lymph capillaries. In addition to
absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system, the
lymphatic system also transports these substances to the veins. A finger-shaped
projection known as villi lines the mucosa of the small intestine. A lacteal capillary
is located in the middle of each villus, and blood capillaries are dotted throughout
each villus as well. Blood capillaries absorb most nutrients, but lacteals absorb
fats and fat-soluble vitamins.
Due to its high fat content, the lacteal lymph is protected from microorganisms
and disease. By filtering lymph, lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs kill
microorganisms and other foreign objects. In lymph organs, lymphocytes kill
microbes invading the body.
,Lymph Nodes
A lymph node is a small bean-shaped tissue located along lymphatic vessels. The
lymph nodes serve as filters. Blood antibodies are produced as a result of bacteria
being trapped in lymph nodes by immune system cells. The presence of swollen
or painful lymph nodes is a sign that the immune system is engaged in fighting an
infection.
The lymph nodes in the body are responsible for filtering lymph and recognizing
infection in the body. Whenever an antibody binds to an antigen, it is bound to
that antigen only. As they circulate in the bloodstream, antibodies bind to them
and cause an immune response. The lymph nodes are guided by antibodies
produced by each B cell. Lymph nodes, such as the neck, armpits, abdomen and
groin, are part of the lymphatic system and are found around the body.
In the lymph nodes, bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign particles are washed
out and swallowed by macrophages. It gathers lymphocytes and some antibodies
as the fluid exits the nodes. Antigens that circulate in the lymph nodes are
captured by dendritic cells and presented to lymphocytes. As a result, T-cells and
B-cells could be manufactured. Their surfaces will mount an immune response
against infecting species carrying these antigens.
,Lymphatic organs
Lymph nodes have the
primary job of filtering
lymph and then creating
an immune response
against
microbes/antigens that
get stuck in the lymph.
, Lymphoid organs can be classified as primary or secondary. Bone marrow and
thymus are primary lymphatic organs. The purpose here is to create special
immune system cells called lymphocytes. Lymph nodes, spleens, and tonsils make
up the secondary lymphatic organs. Foreign substances and germs are dealt with
by the immune system cells in these organs. Particles that are not commonly
found in serum are removed by lymph filtering.
Nodes break down microorganisms, tumor cells, inflammation-damaged cells, and
other materials that have been washed out. From the reticular and lymphoid
tissue in the nodes, lymphocytes develop, in addition to forming antibodies and
antitoxins.
Spleen
A thick connective tissue capsule around the spleen and some smooth muscle
fibers surround the spleen, which is located in the upper left abdomen. There is a
membrane surrounding the capsule, like the peritoneum.
Spleens are composed of two compartments, the red pulp, which contains blood,
and the white pulp, which contains lymphoid cells. Molecular wastes, pathogens,
and aged erythrocytes effectively eliminate pathogens and cellular waste from
the blood through the red pulp. White pulp is a lymphoid area where adaptive
immune responses may be triggered. B cells and T cells surround a marginal zone,
a region containing macrophages and B cells in discrete subsets. While blood
flows freely through the marginal region, the white pulp is removed from the
blood stream. Specific signals are required for blood to enter the marginal region.
Blood is taken to and from the spleen through blood arteries, splenic arteries, and
splenic veins. Through mitosis, lymphocytes can divide to prepare an immune
response. Blood cleansing is also one of the functions of the spleen. There are
several effects, including: The removal of aged and damaged blood cells and
platelets from the blood. Ensures that foreign matter, bacteria, viruses, and toxins
are removed from the blood. Old broken-down red blood cells (such as iron) can
be stored for future use or reabsorbed into the blood to be reused in the liver or
