SolutionManual for
Statistics forNursing
ResearchAWorkbook for
f
Evidence-BasedPractice f
3rd EditionSusanGrove
Daisha
, AnswerGuidelinesforQuestionstoBeGraded f f f f f f
f
Measurement:Nominal,
f f
f
f
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
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1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
rationale for your answer.
f f f f
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories
f f f f f f f f f f f f f
were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray,
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
2019).
f
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
your answer.
f f
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for this
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
sample.
f
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
f f f f f f f f f
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017;
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
Knapp, 2017).
f f
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:
f f f f f f f f f f f f f
fWhat category identifies your current income as an RN?
f f f f f f f f
a. Less than $50,000 f f
b. $50,000 to 59,999 f f
c. $60,000 to 69,999 f f
d. $70,000 to 80,000 f f
e. $80,000 or greater f f
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the rules
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
f f f f f f f f f f
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- ries
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
AG 1-1 f
,AG 1-2 f Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded f f f f f f
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego- ries
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d)
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019;
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
Waltz et al., 2017).
f f f f
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
f f f f f f f f f f f f f
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms.
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
f f f f f f f f f f f f
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for the
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
f f f f f f f f f f f
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores for
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5, so
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
this result.
f f
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater
f f f f f f f f f f f f f
NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects were
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
f f f f f f f f f f f
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole
f f f f f f f f f f f f
percent (%).
f f
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample includedf f f f f f f f f f f f f
15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of
f f f f f f f f f f f f f
cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
calculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%.
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
could have also subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
f f f f f f f f f f
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be useful in
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
clinical practice?
f f
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
steady-state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
f f f f f f f f f f f f
status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
status of cardiac patients.
f f f f
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
f f f f f f AG 1-3 f
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurement for
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer:
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured with the
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing, lifting
f f f f f f f f f f f f
objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scale with values
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scale and the subscales
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics, such as means and
f f f f f f f f f f f f f
SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
f f f f f f f f f
Statistics forNursing
ResearchAWorkbook for
f
Evidence-BasedPractice f
3rd EditionSusanGrove
Daisha
, AnswerGuidelinesforQuestionstoBeGraded f f f f f f
f
Measurement:Nominal,
f f
f
f
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
f f f f f f f
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
rationale for your answer.
f f f f
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories
f f f f f f f f f f f f f
were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray,
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
2019).
f
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
your answer.
f f
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for this
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
sample.
f
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
f f f f f f f f f
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017;
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
Knapp, 2017).
f f
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:
f f f f f f f f f f f f f
fWhat category identifies your current income as an RN?
f f f f f f f f
a. Less than $50,000 f f
b. $50,000 to 59,999 f f
c. $60,000 to 69,999 f f
d. $70,000 to 80,000 f f
e. $80,000 or greater f f
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the rules
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
f f f f f f f f f f
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- ries
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
AG 1-1 f
,AG 1-2 f Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded f f f f f f
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego- ries
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d)
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019;
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
Waltz et al., 2017).
f f f f
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
f f f f f f f f f f f f f
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms.
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
f f f f f f f f f f f f
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for the
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
f f f f f f f f f f f
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores for
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5, so
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
this result.
f f
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater
f f f f f f f f f f f f f
NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects were
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
f f f f f f f f f f f
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole
f f f f f f f f f f f f
percent (%).
f f
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample includedf f f f f f f f f f f f f
15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of
f f f f f f f f f f f f f
cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
calculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%.
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
could have also subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
f f f f f f f f f f
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be useful in
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
clinical practice?
f f
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
steady-state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
f f f f f f f f f f f f
status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
status of cardiac patients.
f f f f
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
f f f f f f AG 1-3 f
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurement for
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer:
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured with the
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing, lifting
f f f f f f f f f f f f
objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scale with values
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scale and the subscales
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics, such as means and
f f f f f f f f f f f f f
SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
f f f f f f f f f
