Pathophysiology Final Exam:Question and Answers Study Guide 2025
A patient complains of pain, inflammation, pattern of detmatome? - ansHerpes Zoster (Shingles)
Autonomic Dysreflexia - ansMedical Emergency caused by simultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic
activity (bowel or bladder distension pain or a pressure ulcer)
Changes with an asthma attack: - ansWheezing, SOB, Bronchoconstriction, Dyspnea, Tachypnea (rapid
breathing)
Chron's Disease - ansHardening of the smooth muscles - things aren't being absorbed.
Do children have higher or lower thresholds for pain than adults? - ansLower
How are eyes damaged in Diabetes? - ansHypertension causes hemorrhage in the weak blood vessels
How are hepatitis A,B,C contracted? - ansA: Oral - Fecal
B: Blood & Bodily Fluids
C: Contaminated Blood Transfusions before 1990; Bodily Fluids
How do histamine antagonists work to manage peptic ulcer disease? - ansActs of H2 receptors - Coats the
stomach and decreases the secretion of stomach acids
How do you determine how to treat a stroke? - ansDetermine if its a Hemorrhagic or Ischemic Stroke
How do you interpret ABG's? - ans1. Look at pH (acidosis - low or alkalosis - high)
2. Check the CO2 (resp. indicator) - less than 35 (alkalosis) more than 45 (acidosis)
3. Check the HCO3 (metabolic indicator) - less than 22 (acidosis) more than 26 (alkalosis)
, 4. Determine primary disorder (matches the pH)
5. Determine if its compensated (pH returns to normal or near normal)
How do you manage end stage renal disease? - ansDialysis, Fluid Restriction, Low Protein Diet, Decrease
Medication Doses, Anti-hypertensive, Give Ca Supplements, Give Erythropoietin Shot, Give Iron
Supplements/Blood Transfusion (anemic)
How do you treat compartment syndrome? - ansMake cuts to relieve the pressure
Metabolic Acidosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ansDepression (decrease) of HCO3 -- Decreased pH
(acidosis)
Metabolic Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ansElevation (increase) of HCO3 -- Increased pH
(alkalosis)
Respiratory Acidosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ansElevation (increase) of pCO2 -- Decreased pH
(acidosis)
Respiratory Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ansDepression (decrease) of pCO2 -- Increased pH
(alkalosis)
Somatic Pain - ansOn the body - superficial, arising from the skin described as sharp, dull, aching, or throbbing
Ulcerative Colitis - ansLarge ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum. Bloody Diarrhea (!)
Visceral Pain - ansPain in the internal organs and lining of body cavities described as aching, gnawing,
throbbing, intermittent
What are melanocytes? - ansPigmented Skin
A patient complains of pain, inflammation, pattern of detmatome? - ansHerpes Zoster (Shingles)
Autonomic Dysreflexia - ansMedical Emergency caused by simultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic
activity (bowel or bladder distension pain or a pressure ulcer)
Changes with an asthma attack: - ansWheezing, SOB, Bronchoconstriction, Dyspnea, Tachypnea (rapid
breathing)
Chron's Disease - ansHardening of the smooth muscles - things aren't being absorbed.
Do children have higher or lower thresholds for pain than adults? - ansLower
How are eyes damaged in Diabetes? - ansHypertension causes hemorrhage in the weak blood vessels
How are hepatitis A,B,C contracted? - ansA: Oral - Fecal
B: Blood & Bodily Fluids
C: Contaminated Blood Transfusions before 1990; Bodily Fluids
How do histamine antagonists work to manage peptic ulcer disease? - ansActs of H2 receptors - Coats the
stomach and decreases the secretion of stomach acids
How do you determine how to treat a stroke? - ansDetermine if its a Hemorrhagic or Ischemic Stroke
How do you interpret ABG's? - ans1. Look at pH (acidosis - low or alkalosis - high)
2. Check the CO2 (resp. indicator) - less than 35 (alkalosis) more than 45 (acidosis)
3. Check the HCO3 (metabolic indicator) - less than 22 (acidosis) more than 26 (alkalosis)
, 4. Determine primary disorder (matches the pH)
5. Determine if its compensated (pH returns to normal or near normal)
How do you manage end stage renal disease? - ansDialysis, Fluid Restriction, Low Protein Diet, Decrease
Medication Doses, Anti-hypertensive, Give Ca Supplements, Give Erythropoietin Shot, Give Iron
Supplements/Blood Transfusion (anemic)
How do you treat compartment syndrome? - ansMake cuts to relieve the pressure
Metabolic Acidosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ansDepression (decrease) of HCO3 -- Decreased pH
(acidosis)
Metabolic Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ansElevation (increase) of HCO3 -- Increased pH
(alkalosis)
Respiratory Acidosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ansElevation (increase) of pCO2 -- Decreased pH
(acidosis)
Respiratory Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ansDepression (decrease) of pCO2 -- Increased pH
(alkalosis)
Somatic Pain - ansOn the body - superficial, arising from the skin described as sharp, dull, aching, or throbbing
Ulcerative Colitis - ansLarge ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum. Bloody Diarrhea (!)
Visceral Pain - ansPain in the internal organs and lining of body cavities described as aching, gnawing,
throbbing, intermittent
What are melanocytes? - ansPigmented Skin
