Reasoning and Argumentation Study Guide
_____________________________________is the set of instances about which general conclusions
are projected in an inductive or statistical generalization - ansPopulation
___________________________________is a measure of an idea's likelihood of surviving critical
scrutiny. - ansPlausibility
____________is that which is used as a basis of comparison in an explanation or argument by analogy
- ansAnalogue
" a general attacking a fortress" is the_____________________. - ansAnalogue
"Convergence in radiation treatment" is the_______________________. - ansTarget
A ______________ is the harmless inert substance that resembles the substance being tested in an
experiment. - ansPlacebo
A compound statement is one that contains at least one simple statement as a component. - ansTrue
A sound deductive argument is a valid deductive argument that has true premises - ansTrue
A truth function is a compound proposition whose truth value is completely determined by the truth
values of its components. - ansTrue
A truth table is an arrangement of truth values that shows in every possible case how the truth value
of a compound proposition is determined by the truth values of the simple components - ansTrue
,All exorcists are non-union workers. - ansObvert: No exorcists are union workers.
All tenured faculty are non-instructors - ansObvert: No tenured faculty are instructors.
Ambiguous - ans_________________ describes a term or expression with more than one
conventional meaning.
An event is said to be __________________if the occurrence of either has no effect on the probability
that the other event will occur - ansIndependent
An event is said to be ________________on one or more events when its probability is affected by
the outcome of those events. - ansDependent
Analysis - ans_____________________ is the process of unpacking or taking arguments apart into
their structural elements. By doing this we see how arguments are intended to work.
Argument; conclusion: As such, Enron's collapse is a scandal. - ansThe distinctive characteristic of the
Enron fiasco is that the wrongdoers have not paid any consequences. The executives who cooked up
Enron's crooked schemes made hundreds of millions of dollars while their employees have borne the
brunt. The broader victim is the public's trust that ordinary people won't be victimized by insider
dealings—a trust upon which capitalism depends. Bush has failed to recognize this larger issue. As such,
Enron's collapse is a scandal not because it impugns Bush's character but rather because it impugns his
ideology. (Editorial Board, The New Republic)
Argument; conclusion: High school health clinics across the nation . . . medication. - ansHigh school health
clinics across the nation should be permitted to dispense Norplant, the new birth control medication. Teenage
pregnancy today is at an all time high, and Norplant is 99 percent effective in preventing pregnancy.
Furthermore, a single dose ensures protection for a full five years.
Argument; conclusion: Students often do the adults' work. - ansTests can become a kind of automated
supervision tool, an impersonal way of determining what happens in each classroom. Direct observation by
, teachers probably would be more beneficial. To date schools have been unwilling to invest in such a labor-
intensive approach. As a result, students often do the adults' work. (Cleveland Plain Dealer)
Aristotle - ansThe study of Categorical Logic originated 2000 years ago in the philosophy of _______________.
Assumption - ansA(n)____ is an unsupported claim
Categorical Proposition - ansA proposition that relates two classes (categories) of objects is called a(n)
________________
Conclusion - ansThe ____________________ is that proposition which is said to depend on the other
propositions in the argument.
Contradiction - ans________________ can not both be true at the same time and they both can not be false at
the same time either.
Contrary - ansThe relationship established between the A form categorical proposition and the E form
categorical propositions is one of____________________.
Converted: Can't Convert - ansConvert: Some logic students are not interested in school.
Converted: No people who need apply are non-experienced people. - ansConvert: Only experienced persons
need apply.
Converted: Some corruptible people are government officials - ansConvert: Some government officials are
corruptible
Converted: Some honest people are sly people - ansConvert: A few sly people are honest.
_____________________________________is the set of instances about which general conclusions
are projected in an inductive or statistical generalization - ansPopulation
___________________________________is a measure of an idea's likelihood of surviving critical
scrutiny. - ansPlausibility
____________is that which is used as a basis of comparison in an explanation or argument by analogy
- ansAnalogue
" a general attacking a fortress" is the_____________________. - ansAnalogue
"Convergence in radiation treatment" is the_______________________. - ansTarget
A ______________ is the harmless inert substance that resembles the substance being tested in an
experiment. - ansPlacebo
A compound statement is one that contains at least one simple statement as a component. - ansTrue
A sound deductive argument is a valid deductive argument that has true premises - ansTrue
A truth function is a compound proposition whose truth value is completely determined by the truth
values of its components. - ansTrue
A truth table is an arrangement of truth values that shows in every possible case how the truth value
of a compound proposition is determined by the truth values of the simple components - ansTrue
,All exorcists are non-union workers. - ansObvert: No exorcists are union workers.
All tenured faculty are non-instructors - ansObvert: No tenured faculty are instructors.
Ambiguous - ans_________________ describes a term or expression with more than one
conventional meaning.
An event is said to be __________________if the occurrence of either has no effect on the probability
that the other event will occur - ansIndependent
An event is said to be ________________on one or more events when its probability is affected by
the outcome of those events. - ansDependent
Analysis - ans_____________________ is the process of unpacking or taking arguments apart into
their structural elements. By doing this we see how arguments are intended to work.
Argument; conclusion: As such, Enron's collapse is a scandal. - ansThe distinctive characteristic of the
Enron fiasco is that the wrongdoers have not paid any consequences. The executives who cooked up
Enron's crooked schemes made hundreds of millions of dollars while their employees have borne the
brunt. The broader victim is the public's trust that ordinary people won't be victimized by insider
dealings—a trust upon which capitalism depends. Bush has failed to recognize this larger issue. As such,
Enron's collapse is a scandal not because it impugns Bush's character but rather because it impugns his
ideology. (Editorial Board, The New Republic)
Argument; conclusion: High school health clinics across the nation . . . medication. - ansHigh school health
clinics across the nation should be permitted to dispense Norplant, the new birth control medication. Teenage
pregnancy today is at an all time high, and Norplant is 99 percent effective in preventing pregnancy.
Furthermore, a single dose ensures protection for a full five years.
Argument; conclusion: Students often do the adults' work. - ansTests can become a kind of automated
supervision tool, an impersonal way of determining what happens in each classroom. Direct observation by
, teachers probably would be more beneficial. To date schools have been unwilling to invest in such a labor-
intensive approach. As a result, students often do the adults' work. (Cleveland Plain Dealer)
Aristotle - ansThe study of Categorical Logic originated 2000 years ago in the philosophy of _______________.
Assumption - ansA(n)____ is an unsupported claim
Categorical Proposition - ansA proposition that relates two classes (categories) of objects is called a(n)
________________
Conclusion - ansThe ____________________ is that proposition which is said to depend on the other
propositions in the argument.
Contradiction - ans________________ can not both be true at the same time and they both can not be false at
the same time either.
Contrary - ansThe relationship established between the A form categorical proposition and the E form
categorical propositions is one of____________________.
Converted: Can't Convert - ansConvert: Some logic students are not interested in school.
Converted: No people who need apply are non-experienced people. - ansConvert: Only experienced persons
need apply.
Converted: Some corruptible people are government officials - ansConvert: Some government officials are
corruptible
Converted: Some honest people are sly people - ansConvert: A few sly people are honest.
