Cell Anatomy & Physiology:Questions and Answers
latest update 2025
Active processes -ansa cell uses energy (in the form of ATP), to move a substance across the membrane
particles move against their concentration gradient
a) active transport
b) endocytosis
→ phagocytosis
→ pinocytosis
c) exocytosis
Cell Membrane -ansLipid Bilayer (double layer)
made up mainly of phospholipids and cholesterol
Proteins
extend into or through the lipid bilayer
The main cell membrane functions are:
to give the cell shape
to protect the cell
to control what enters and leaves the cell
cell membrane image -ans
Cellular Transport -ansThe movement of particles into and out of cells through the cell membrane is essential
Nutrients (e.g. glucose) must move into the cell to provide energy
, Wastes (e.g. CO2) must move out of the cell
Cilia -ansshort, hair-like projections from the cell membrane
move fluids along outer surface of the cell, for example:
moves mucus out of the respiratory tract
moves the egg along uterine (fallopian) tubes
Cytoplasm -ansis all the cellular contents between the cell membrane and the nucleus
Cytosol - the fluid portion (mostly water) -ansintracellular fluid, surrounds the organelles
the site of many chemical reactions
Endoplasmic reticulum - ER -ansa network of membranes in the shape of flattened sacs or tubules
Flagella -anslonger than cilia, move an entire cell
only example in humans is the tail of sperm cells
Golgi complex -ansalso consists of flattened, membranous sacs
function is to sort and package proteins for transport to different destinations:
1. intracellular - e.g. enzymes found in lysosomes
2. extracellular - e.g. insulin (a protein hormone)
human cell organization -anscell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm; cytosol, organelles
latest update 2025
Active processes -ansa cell uses energy (in the form of ATP), to move a substance across the membrane
particles move against their concentration gradient
a) active transport
b) endocytosis
→ phagocytosis
→ pinocytosis
c) exocytosis
Cell Membrane -ansLipid Bilayer (double layer)
made up mainly of phospholipids and cholesterol
Proteins
extend into or through the lipid bilayer
The main cell membrane functions are:
to give the cell shape
to protect the cell
to control what enters and leaves the cell
cell membrane image -ans
Cellular Transport -ansThe movement of particles into and out of cells through the cell membrane is essential
Nutrients (e.g. glucose) must move into the cell to provide energy
, Wastes (e.g. CO2) must move out of the cell
Cilia -ansshort, hair-like projections from the cell membrane
move fluids along outer surface of the cell, for example:
moves mucus out of the respiratory tract
moves the egg along uterine (fallopian) tubes
Cytoplasm -ansis all the cellular contents between the cell membrane and the nucleus
Cytosol - the fluid portion (mostly water) -ansintracellular fluid, surrounds the organelles
the site of many chemical reactions
Endoplasmic reticulum - ER -ansa network of membranes in the shape of flattened sacs or tubules
Flagella -anslonger than cilia, move an entire cell
only example in humans is the tail of sperm cells
Golgi complex -ansalso consists of flattened, membranous sacs
function is to sort and package proteins for transport to different destinations:
1. intracellular - e.g. enzymes found in lysosomes
2. extracellular - e.g. insulin (a protein hormone)
human cell organization -anscell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm; cytosol, organelles
