Solution Manual for Statistics for Nursing Research A Workbook for
Evidence-Based Practice 3rd Edition Susan Grove Daisha
,Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
Measurement: Nominal, 1
The fquestions fare fin fbold ffollowed fby fanswers.
1. In f Table f 1, f identify f the f level f of f measurement f for f the f current f therapy f variable.
f Provide fa f rationale f for f your f answer.
Answer: fThe fcurrent ftherapy fvariable fwas fmeasured fat fthe fnominal flevel. fThese fdrug
f categories f were f probably f developed f to f be f exhaustive f for f this f study f and f included
f the fcategories fof fdrugs fthe fsubjects fwere freceiving. fHowever, fthe fcategories fare fnot fexclusive,
fsince fpatients fare fusually fon fmore fthan fone fcategory fof fthese fdrugs fto fmanage ftheir fhealth
fproblems. fThe fcurrent ftherapies fare fnot fmeasured fat fthe fordinal flevel fbecause fthey fcannot fbe
frank fordered, fsince fno fdrug fcategory fcan fbe fconsidered fmore for fless fbeneficial fthan fanother
fdrug fcategory f(see fFigure f1-1; fGrove f& fGray, f2019).
2. What f is f the f mode f for f the f current f therapy f variable f in f this f study? f Provide f a
f rationale ffor f your f answer.
Answer: f The f mode f for f current f therapy f was f β fblocker. f A f total f of f 100 f (94%) f of f the f cardiac
f patients
were f receiving f this f category f of f drug, f which f was f the f most f common f prescribed
f drug f for fthis fsample.
3. What fstatistics fwere fconducted fto fdescribe fthe fBMI fof fthe fcardiac fpatients fin fthis
f sample? fDiscuss fwhether fthese fanalysis ftechniques fwere fappropriate for finappropriate.
fAnswer: fBMI fwas fdescribed fwith fa fmean fand fstandard fdeviation f(SD). fBMI fmeasurement
fresulted fin fratio-level fdata fwith fcontinuous fvalues fand fan fabsolute fzero f(Stone f& fFrazier,
f 2017). f Ratio- f level f data f should f be f analyzed f with f parametric f statistics f such f as f the
f mean f and fSD f(Grove f& fGray, f2017; fKnapp, f2017).
4. Researchers fused fthe ffollowing fitem fto fmeasure fregistered fnurses’ f(RNs) fincome fin fa fstudy:
f What fcategory fidentifies fyour fcurrent fincome fas fan fRN?
a. Less f than f $50,000
b. $50,000 f to f 59,999
c. $60,000 f to f 69,999
d. $70,000 f to f 80,000
e. $80,000 for fgreater
What f level f of f measurement f is f this f income f variable? f Does f the f income f variable
f follow fthe f rules f outlined f in f Figure f 1-1? f Provide f a f rationale f for f your f answer.
Answer: fIn fthis fexample, fthe fincome fvariable fis fmeasured fat fthe fordinal flevel. fThe fincome
f catego- f ries f are f exhaustive, f ranging f from f less f than f $50,000 f to f greater f than f $80,000.
f The ftwo f open-ended
AG f1-1
,AG f1-2 Answer f Guidelines f for f Questions f to f Be f Graded
categories fensure fthat fall fsalary flevels fare fcovered. fThe fcategories fare fnot fexclusive, fsince
fcatego- f ries f (d) f and f (e) f include f an f $80,000 f salary, f so f study f participants f making
f $80,000 fmight f mark f either f (d) f or f (e) f or f both f categories, f resulting f in f erroneous f data.
f Category f (e) fcould f be f changed f to fgreater f than f $80,000, f making fthe f categories
f exclusive. f The f categories fcan fbe frank fordered ffrom fthe flowest fsalary fto fthe fhighest fsalary,
fwhich fis fconsistent fwith fordinal fdata f(Grove f& fGray, f2019; fWaltz fet fal., f2017).
5. What flevel fof fmeasurement fis fthe fCDS fscore? fProvide fa frationale ffor fyour fanswer.
fAnswer: f The f CDS f score f is f at f the f interval f level f of f measurement. f The f CDS f is f a f 26-
item f Likert f scale f developed f to f measure f depression f in f cardiac f patients. f Study
f participants f rated ftheir f symp- f toms f on f a f scale f of f 1 f to f 7, f with f higher f numbers
f indicating f increased f severity f in fthe f depression f symptoms. f The f total f scores f for f each
f subject f obtained f from f this f multi-item fscale f are f considered f to f be f at f the f interval f level
f of f measurement f (Gray f et f al., f 2017; f Waltz f et fal., f2017).
5. f Were f nonparametric f or f parametric f analysis f techniques f used f to f analyze f the f CDS
f scores ffor f the f cardiac f patients f in f this f study? f Provide f a f rationale f for f your f answer.
Answer: f Parametric fstatistics, fsuch fas fmean fand fSD, fwere fconducted fto fdescribe fCDS fscores
f for fstudy fparticipants f(see fTable f1). fCDS fscores fare finterval-level fdata fas findicated fin
f Questions f5, fso fparametric fstatistics fare fappropriate ffor fthis flevel fof fdata f(Gray fet fal., f2017;
fKim f& f Mallory, f2017).
7. Is f the f prevalence f of f depression f linked f to f the f NYHA f class? f Discuss f the f clinical
fimportance f of f this f result.
Answer: fThe fstudy fnarrative findicated fthat fthe fprevalence fof fdepression fincreased fwith fthe
fgreater f NYHA fclass. fIn fNYHA fclass fIII, f64% fof fthe fsubjects fwere fdepressed, fwhereas f11% fof
fthe f subjects fwere fdepressed fin fNYHA fclass fI. fThus, fas fthe fNYHA fclass fincreased, fthe
fnumber fof fsub- fjects fwith fdepression fincreased. fThis fis fan fexpected ffinding fbecause fas fthe
fNYHA fclass fincreases, fcardiac fpatients fhave fmore fsevere fphysical fsymptoms, fwhich fusually
fresult fin femotional fdistress, fsuch fas fdepression. fNurses fneed fto factively fassess fcardiac fpatients
ffor fdepression, f especially f those f in f higher f NYHA f classes, f so f they f might f be
f diagnosed f and ftreated fas fneeded.
8. What f frequency f and f percent f of f cardiac f patients f in f this f study f were f not f being
f treated f with f an f antidepressant? f Show f your f calculations f and f round f your f answer f to
f the f nearest fwhole f percent f (%).
Answer: f A f total f of f 106 f cardiac f patients f participated f in f this f study. f The
f sample fincluded f f 15 f patients f who f were f receiving f an f antidepressant f (see
f Table f 1). f The fnumber f of f cardiac f patients f not f treated f for f depression f was f 91
f (106 f – f 15 f = f 91). f The fgroup f percent f is f calculated f by f the f following f formula:
f (group f frequency f ÷ f total f sample f size) f × f 100%. f For f this f study, f (91
f patients f ÷ f 106 f sample f size) f × f 100%
= f 0.858 f × f 100% f = f 85.8% f = f 86%. f The f final f answer f is f rounded f to f the
f nearest fwhole f percent f as f directed f in f the f question. f You f could f have falso fsubtracted fthe
f14% fof fpatients ftreated fwith fantidepressants ffrom f100% fand fobtained fthe f86% fwho fwere fnot
ftreated f with fan fantidepressant.
t. f What f was f the f purpose f of f the f 5-minute f walk f test f (5MWT)? f Would f the
f 5MWT f be fuseful f in f clinical f practice?
Answer: fHa fet fal. f(2018) fstated, f“The f6-min fwalk ftest f(6MWT) fis fa fmeasure fof fthe
f submaximal, f steady-state f functional f capacity” f of f cardiac f patients. f This f test f would f be
f a fquick, f easy f way f to f determine f a f cardiac f patient’s f functional f status f in f a
f clinical fsetting. f This f functional f status fscore f could f be f used f to f determine f the f treatment
f plan f to fpromote f or f maintain f functional f status fof fcardiac fpatients.
, Answer f Guidelines f for f Questions f to f Be f Graded AG f1-3
10. f How fwas fexercise fconfidence fmeasured fin fthis fstudy? fWhat fwas fthe flevel fof
f measurement f for f the f exercise f confidence f variable f in f this f study? f Provide f a
f rationale ffor fyour f answer. fAnswer: fExercise fconfidence fof fthe fpatients fwith fheart ffailure
f(HF) fin fthis fstudy fwas fmeasured fwith fthe fExercise fConfidence fScale fthat fincluded ffour
fsubscales ffocused fon fwalking, fclimbing, f lifting f objects f of f graded f weight, f and frunning
f(see f the f study
narrative). fThis fwas fa frating fscale fwith fvalues franging ffrom f0 fto f100. fThe fpatients’ fscores ffor
fthe fTotal fExercise fConfidence f scale f and f the f subscales f were f considered f interval-level
f data fand f analyzed f with f parametric f statistics, f such f as f means f and f SDs f(see f the f study
f narrative; fWaltz fet fal., f2017).
Evidence-Based Practice 3rd Edition Susan Grove Daisha
,Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
Measurement: Nominal, 1
The fquestions fare fin fbold ffollowed fby fanswers.
1. In f Table f 1, f identify f the f level f of f measurement f for f the f current f therapy f variable.
f Provide fa f rationale f for f your f answer.
Answer: fThe fcurrent ftherapy fvariable fwas fmeasured fat fthe fnominal flevel. fThese fdrug
f categories f were f probably f developed f to f be f exhaustive f for f this f study f and f included
f the fcategories fof fdrugs fthe fsubjects fwere freceiving. fHowever, fthe fcategories fare fnot fexclusive,
fsince fpatients fare fusually fon fmore fthan fone fcategory fof fthese fdrugs fto fmanage ftheir fhealth
fproblems. fThe fcurrent ftherapies fare fnot fmeasured fat fthe fordinal flevel fbecause fthey fcannot fbe
frank fordered, fsince fno fdrug fcategory fcan fbe fconsidered fmore for fless fbeneficial fthan fanother
fdrug fcategory f(see fFigure f1-1; fGrove f& fGray, f2019).
2. What f is f the f mode f for f the f current f therapy f variable f in f this f study? f Provide f a
f rationale ffor f your f answer.
Answer: f The f mode f for f current f therapy f was f β fblocker. f A f total f of f 100 f (94%) f of f the f cardiac
f patients
were f receiving f this f category f of f drug, f which f was f the f most f common f prescribed
f drug f for fthis fsample.
3. What fstatistics fwere fconducted fto fdescribe fthe fBMI fof fthe fcardiac fpatients fin fthis
f sample? fDiscuss fwhether fthese fanalysis ftechniques fwere fappropriate for finappropriate.
fAnswer: fBMI fwas fdescribed fwith fa fmean fand fstandard fdeviation f(SD). fBMI fmeasurement
fresulted fin fratio-level fdata fwith fcontinuous fvalues fand fan fabsolute fzero f(Stone f& fFrazier,
f 2017). f Ratio- f level f data f should f be f analyzed f with f parametric f statistics f such f as f the
f mean f and fSD f(Grove f& fGray, f2017; fKnapp, f2017).
4. Researchers fused fthe ffollowing fitem fto fmeasure fregistered fnurses’ f(RNs) fincome fin fa fstudy:
f What fcategory fidentifies fyour fcurrent fincome fas fan fRN?
a. Less f than f $50,000
b. $50,000 f to f 59,999
c. $60,000 f to f 69,999
d. $70,000 f to f 80,000
e. $80,000 for fgreater
What f level f of f measurement f is f this f income f variable? f Does f the f income f variable
f follow fthe f rules f outlined f in f Figure f 1-1? f Provide f a f rationale f for f your f answer.
Answer: fIn fthis fexample, fthe fincome fvariable fis fmeasured fat fthe fordinal flevel. fThe fincome
f catego- f ries f are f exhaustive, f ranging f from f less f than f $50,000 f to f greater f than f $80,000.
f The ftwo f open-ended
AG f1-1
,AG f1-2 Answer f Guidelines f for f Questions f to f Be f Graded
categories fensure fthat fall fsalary flevels fare fcovered. fThe fcategories fare fnot fexclusive, fsince
fcatego- f ries f (d) f and f (e) f include f an f $80,000 f salary, f so f study f participants f making
f $80,000 fmight f mark f either f (d) f or f (e) f or f both f categories, f resulting f in f erroneous f data.
f Category f (e) fcould f be f changed f to fgreater f than f $80,000, f making fthe f categories
f exclusive. f The f categories fcan fbe frank fordered ffrom fthe flowest fsalary fto fthe fhighest fsalary,
fwhich fis fconsistent fwith fordinal fdata f(Grove f& fGray, f2019; fWaltz fet fal., f2017).
5. What flevel fof fmeasurement fis fthe fCDS fscore? fProvide fa frationale ffor fyour fanswer.
fAnswer: f The f CDS f score f is f at f the f interval f level f of f measurement. f The f CDS f is f a f 26-
item f Likert f scale f developed f to f measure f depression f in f cardiac f patients. f Study
f participants f rated ftheir f symp- f toms f on f a f scale f of f 1 f to f 7, f with f higher f numbers
f indicating f increased f severity f in fthe f depression f symptoms. f The f total f scores f for f each
f subject f obtained f from f this f multi-item fscale f are f considered f to f be f at f the f interval f level
f of f measurement f (Gray f et f al., f 2017; f Waltz f et fal., f2017).
5. f Were f nonparametric f or f parametric f analysis f techniques f used f to f analyze f the f CDS
f scores ffor f the f cardiac f patients f in f this f study? f Provide f a f rationale f for f your f answer.
Answer: f Parametric fstatistics, fsuch fas fmean fand fSD, fwere fconducted fto fdescribe fCDS fscores
f for fstudy fparticipants f(see fTable f1). fCDS fscores fare finterval-level fdata fas findicated fin
f Questions f5, fso fparametric fstatistics fare fappropriate ffor fthis flevel fof fdata f(Gray fet fal., f2017;
fKim f& f Mallory, f2017).
7. Is f the f prevalence f of f depression f linked f to f the f NYHA f class? f Discuss f the f clinical
fimportance f of f this f result.
Answer: fThe fstudy fnarrative findicated fthat fthe fprevalence fof fdepression fincreased fwith fthe
fgreater f NYHA fclass. fIn fNYHA fclass fIII, f64% fof fthe fsubjects fwere fdepressed, fwhereas f11% fof
fthe f subjects fwere fdepressed fin fNYHA fclass fI. fThus, fas fthe fNYHA fclass fincreased, fthe
fnumber fof fsub- fjects fwith fdepression fincreased. fThis fis fan fexpected ffinding fbecause fas fthe
fNYHA fclass fincreases, fcardiac fpatients fhave fmore fsevere fphysical fsymptoms, fwhich fusually
fresult fin femotional fdistress, fsuch fas fdepression. fNurses fneed fto factively fassess fcardiac fpatients
ffor fdepression, f especially f those f in f higher f NYHA f classes, f so f they f might f be
f diagnosed f and ftreated fas fneeded.
8. What f frequency f and f percent f of f cardiac f patients f in f this f study f were f not f being
f treated f with f an f antidepressant? f Show f your f calculations f and f round f your f answer f to
f the f nearest fwhole f percent f (%).
Answer: f A f total f of f 106 f cardiac f patients f participated f in f this f study. f The
f sample fincluded f f 15 f patients f who f were f receiving f an f antidepressant f (see
f Table f 1). f The fnumber f of f cardiac f patients f not f treated f for f depression f was f 91
f (106 f – f 15 f = f 91). f The fgroup f percent f is f calculated f by f the f following f formula:
f (group f frequency f ÷ f total f sample f size) f × f 100%. f For f this f study, f (91
f patients f ÷ f 106 f sample f size) f × f 100%
= f 0.858 f × f 100% f = f 85.8% f = f 86%. f The f final f answer f is f rounded f to f the
f nearest fwhole f percent f as f directed f in f the f question. f You f could f have falso fsubtracted fthe
f14% fof fpatients ftreated fwith fantidepressants ffrom f100% fand fobtained fthe f86% fwho fwere fnot
ftreated f with fan fantidepressant.
t. f What f was f the f purpose f of f the f 5-minute f walk f test f (5MWT)? f Would f the
f 5MWT f be fuseful f in f clinical f practice?
Answer: fHa fet fal. f(2018) fstated, f“The f6-min fwalk ftest f(6MWT) fis fa fmeasure fof fthe
f submaximal, f steady-state f functional f capacity” f of f cardiac f patients. f This f test f would f be
f a fquick, f easy f way f to f determine f a f cardiac f patient’s f functional f status f in f a
f clinical fsetting. f This f functional f status fscore f could f be f used f to f determine f the f treatment
f plan f to fpromote f or f maintain f functional f status fof fcardiac fpatients.
, Answer f Guidelines f for f Questions f to f Be f Graded AG f1-3
10. f How fwas fexercise fconfidence fmeasured fin fthis fstudy? fWhat fwas fthe flevel fof
f measurement f for f the f exercise f confidence f variable f in f this f study? f Provide f a
f rationale ffor fyour f answer. fAnswer: fExercise fconfidence fof fthe fpatients fwith fheart ffailure
f(HF) fin fthis fstudy fwas fmeasured fwith fthe fExercise fConfidence fScale fthat fincluded ffour
fsubscales ffocused fon fwalking, fclimbing, f lifting f objects f of f graded f weight, f and frunning
f(see f the f study
narrative). fThis fwas fa frating fscale fwith fvalues franging ffrom f0 fto f100. fThe fpatients’ fscores ffor
fthe fTotal fExercise fConfidence f scale f and f the f subscales f were f considered f interval-level
f data fand f analyzed f with f parametric f statistics, f such f as f means f and f SDs f(see f the f study
f narrative; fWaltz fet fal., f2017).
