Intro to Statistics Final Exam Accurate 100%
Population - ANSWER a collection of persons, things, or objects under study.
Sample - ANSWER selecting a portion (or subset) of the larger portion
Parameter - ANSWER A numerical characteristic of the whole population that can be
estimated by a statistic.
Ex: we consider all math classes to be the population, so the average number of points
earned per student over all math classes is a parameter.
Statistic - ANSWER A number that represents a property of the sample.
Ex: if we consider one math class to be the sample of the population of all the math
classes, then the average number of points earned by a student in that one math class
at the end of the term is an example of a statistic.
Variable - ANSWER usually letters x and y, is a characteristic or measurement that can
be determined for each number of the population
Numerical variable: takes on a value with equal units such as weights in pounds and
time in hours.
Categorical variable: place the person or thing into a category (ex: party affiliation,
gender, gpa).
Data - ANSWER the actual values of the variable
What are the levels of measurement? - ANSWER Nominal: no numerical value or order
(names, labels, categories)
Ordinal: usually no numerical value, but there is an order, however, the differences
between the data are meaningless (small, medium, large)
Interval: data can be ordered, and differences are meaningful
Ratio: can be ordered, differences are meaningful, and zero corresponds to none of the
values (0 is a measurement)
simple random sample - ANSWER each sample of the sample size has an equal
chance of being selected; simple random sample from the entire population
Stratified Sampling - ANSWER Divide the entire population into distinct subgroups
called strata. The strata are based on a specific characteristic such as age, income,
, education level, and so on. All members of a stratum share the specific characteristic.
Draw random samples from each stratum.
Cluster Sampling - ANSWER Divide the entire population into pre-existing segments or
clusters. The clusters are often geographic. Make a random selection of clusters.
Include every member of each selected cluster in the sample. Randomly select some
cluster.
Systematic Sampling - ANSWER randomly select a starting point and take every nth
piece of data from a listing of the population
Multistage Sampling - ANSWER Use a variety of sampling methods to create
successively smaller groups at each stage. The final sample consists of clusters.
Convenience Sampling - ANSWER Involves selecting participants who are readily
available without any attempt to make the sample representative of a population.
Midpoint - ANSWER A point that divides a segment into two congruent segments
lower boundary + upper boundary
__________________________________________________ = midpoint
2
Class Width - ANSWER the distance between lower (or upper) limits of consecutive
classes
largest data value - smallest data value
________________________________________________________ = class width
desired number of classes
Frequency Table - ANSWER efficiently displays data. Organizes data into classes and
list the number of data points in each class; classes with 0 occurrences are also listed
Class Limit - ANSWER First find class width, then add that to the smallest data value,
and keep adding it until you get to the highest data value. (ex: if the smallest data value
is 36, and the class width is 13, then you would add 13 to 36, and the upper class limit
for that bin would be 48, and the lower class limit for the next bin would be 49)
Class Boundaries - ANSWER Take class limits and do -.5 for the lower class limit and
+.5 for the upper limit
Frequency - ANSWER the number of times a value of the data occurs
Cumulative frequency - ANSWER frequency of a class with added frequencies of
classes before that one. (ex: if bin 1's frequency is 3, and bin 2's frequency is 2, then bin
Population - ANSWER a collection of persons, things, or objects under study.
Sample - ANSWER selecting a portion (or subset) of the larger portion
Parameter - ANSWER A numerical characteristic of the whole population that can be
estimated by a statistic.
Ex: we consider all math classes to be the population, so the average number of points
earned per student over all math classes is a parameter.
Statistic - ANSWER A number that represents a property of the sample.
Ex: if we consider one math class to be the sample of the population of all the math
classes, then the average number of points earned by a student in that one math class
at the end of the term is an example of a statistic.
Variable - ANSWER usually letters x and y, is a characteristic or measurement that can
be determined for each number of the population
Numerical variable: takes on a value with equal units such as weights in pounds and
time in hours.
Categorical variable: place the person or thing into a category (ex: party affiliation,
gender, gpa).
Data - ANSWER the actual values of the variable
What are the levels of measurement? - ANSWER Nominal: no numerical value or order
(names, labels, categories)
Ordinal: usually no numerical value, but there is an order, however, the differences
between the data are meaningless (small, medium, large)
Interval: data can be ordered, and differences are meaningful
Ratio: can be ordered, differences are meaningful, and zero corresponds to none of the
values (0 is a measurement)
simple random sample - ANSWER each sample of the sample size has an equal
chance of being selected; simple random sample from the entire population
Stratified Sampling - ANSWER Divide the entire population into distinct subgroups
called strata. The strata are based on a specific characteristic such as age, income,
, education level, and so on. All members of a stratum share the specific characteristic.
Draw random samples from each stratum.
Cluster Sampling - ANSWER Divide the entire population into pre-existing segments or
clusters. The clusters are often geographic. Make a random selection of clusters.
Include every member of each selected cluster in the sample. Randomly select some
cluster.
Systematic Sampling - ANSWER randomly select a starting point and take every nth
piece of data from a listing of the population
Multistage Sampling - ANSWER Use a variety of sampling methods to create
successively smaller groups at each stage. The final sample consists of clusters.
Convenience Sampling - ANSWER Involves selecting participants who are readily
available without any attempt to make the sample representative of a population.
Midpoint - ANSWER A point that divides a segment into two congruent segments
lower boundary + upper boundary
__________________________________________________ = midpoint
2
Class Width - ANSWER the distance between lower (or upper) limits of consecutive
classes
largest data value - smallest data value
________________________________________________________ = class width
desired number of classes
Frequency Table - ANSWER efficiently displays data. Organizes data into classes and
list the number of data points in each class; classes with 0 occurrences are also listed
Class Limit - ANSWER First find class width, then add that to the smallest data value,
and keep adding it until you get to the highest data value. (ex: if the smallest data value
is 36, and the class width is 13, then you would add 13 to 36, and the upper class limit
for that bin would be 48, and the lower class limit for the next bin would be 49)
Class Boundaries - ANSWER Take class limits and do -.5 for the lower class limit and
+.5 for the upper limit
Frequency - ANSWER the number of times a value of the data occurs
Cumulative frequency - ANSWER frequency of a class with added frequencies of
classes before that one. (ex: if bin 1's frequency is 3, and bin 2's frequency is 2, then bin
