NUR 521 Exam 2 Questions and Correct Answers Latest Update 2025-2026 (Graded A+)
Hemodynamics - Answers the study of the movement of blood throughout the circulatory system, along
with the regulatory mechanisms and driving forces involved
Two primary functions of the circulatory system - Answers deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones,
electrolytes, and other essentials to the cells, remove carbon dioxide and metabolic waste from the cells
(also helps fight infection)
Arteries - Answers Do not stretch very easily, large increase in pressure causes small increase in
diameter
Veins - Answers Stretch easily, small increase in pressure causes large increase in diameter
Formula for cardiac output - Answers HRxSV
Formula for Arterial pressure - Answers PRxCO
Nephron - Answers Basic functional unit of the kidney
Three basic functions of the kidneys - Answers Cleansing of ECF and maintenance of ECF volume and
composition, Maintenance of acid-base balance, excretion of metabolic wastes and foreign substances
Diuretic Beers Criteria - Answers Use with caution in 65 years or older due to the potential to exacerbate
SIADH or hyponatremia, monitor sodium concentration closely
Unsafe to use diuretics in - Answers Pregnant women, can cause maternal death, abortion, fetal
reabsorption
Safe to use diureticss - Answers Small doses with pediatric patients
Furosemide works in the - Answers Ascending limb of the loop of henle
Furosemide brand name - Answers Lasix
Furosemide MOA - Answers Produces profound diuresis
Blocks reabsorption of sodium and chloride, preventing reabsorption of water
Furosemide Use - Answers Used when rapid or massive mobilization of fluid is required
- pulmonary edema from CHF
- edema from heart, liver, kidney that has not responded to other medications
- HTN
Furosemide is especially useful in - Answers Especially useful in patients with severe renal impairment
because it can promote diuresis when GFR and renal blood flow are low
,Furosemide can be combined with - Answers Can be combined with a thiazide diuretic
Furosemide starts working - Answers starts working in 60 minutes and lasts 8 hours
Furosemide goal - Answers goal is to decrease edema and treat HTN
Furosemide caution - Answers Use with caution with CV disease, renal impairment, DM, Gout,
Pregnancy, Ototoxic drugs, NSAIDS, antihypertensives
Furosemide is a k... - Answers K wasting diuretic
Hypokalemia can cause - Answers can cause fatal dysrhythmia
Hypokalemia value - Answers Less than 3.5mEq/L
Furosemide adverse effects - Answers adverse effects include hyponatremia, hypochloremia,
hypotension, dehydration, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, increase in LDL and
triglycerides, decrease in HDL, ototoxicity
Signs of dehydration - Answers signs include dry mouth, unusual thirst, oliguria
if dehydration or hypotension occurs with furosemide - Answers discontinue furosemide if this occurs
Furosemide patient education - Answers Patient education is to monitor BP, s/s of postural hypotension,
K rich foods
Furosemide interacts with ... - Answers Digoxin, ototoxic drugs, K sparing diuretics, NSAIDS,
antihypertensives, lithium interacts with...
Drug class of Furosemide - Answers Loop diuretic example
Furosemide dose - Answers dose is 20, 40, 80mg daily or BID dosing
Hydrochlorothiazide AKA - Answers Microzide
Hydrochlorothiazide works in the - Answers works in the early segment of the distal convoluted tube
HCTZ MOA - Answers Promotes urine production by blocking the reabsorption of NA and Cl causing
water retention in the nephron and increased flow of urine
HCTZ must have - Answers Must have adequate kidney function to work, GFR must be at least 20mL/min
HCTZ is a derivative of - Answers Steroids
HCTZ starts working in - Answers 2 hours and peaks at 4 to 6 hours
HCTZ Dose - Answers Dose is 12.5, 25. 50 mg daily or BID
, HCTZ Caution with - Answers Caution with CV disease, renal impairment, DM, Gout, Digoxin, Lithium,
antihypertensives
Hypokalemia signs - Answers constipation, heart palpitations, fatigue, muscle weakness, tingling,
numbness
HCTZ patient education - Answers Educate patient on daily weights, s/s of hypokalemia
HCTZ adverse effects - Answers Nearly identical to loop diuretics but not ototoxic (hyponatremia,
hypochloremia, dehydration, hypotension, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, reduction of
HDL cholesterol, increase in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides)
Potassium sparing diuretic subtypes - Answers aldosterone antagonists, non-aldosterone antagonists
Spironolactone drug class - Answers Aldosterone antagonist potassium-sparing diuretic
Spironolactone works in the - Answers works in the late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
(distal nephron)
Aldosterone acts to - Answers acts to promote sodium uptake in exchange for potassium secretion
Aldosterone Antagonist acts to - Answers retention of potassium and increased excretion of sodium
Spironolactone MOA - Answers Blocks the actions of aldosterone in the distal nephron causing the
retention of potassium and excretion of NA
Spironolactone produces modest... - Answers produces modest increase in urine production
Spironolactone produces substantial - Answers produces substantial decrease in potassium excretion
Spironolactone is often used to - Answers often used to counteract potassium loss caused by thiazide
and loop diuretics, not usually used alone for diuresis
Spironolactone produces scanty diuresis because... - Answers most NA has already been reabsorbed
before reaching the distal nephron
Spironolactone used with - Answers Used with HTN, edema, CHF (blocking aldosterone creates
protective effects), used in combination to counteract K wasting drugs
Spironolactone dosing - Answers 25, 50, 100mg tablets, 25-200mg per day
Spironolactone works in - Answers 48 hours (delayed effects)
Spironolactone off label uses - Answers Off-label uses include acne, hair loss, hirsutism, hormone
therapy for transgender females
Spironolactone adverse effects - Answers adverse effects are hyperkalemia (dysrhythmia), endocrine
effects (gynecomastia, menstrual irregularities, impotence, hirsutism, deep voice)
Hemodynamics - Answers the study of the movement of blood throughout the circulatory system, along
with the regulatory mechanisms and driving forces involved
Two primary functions of the circulatory system - Answers deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones,
electrolytes, and other essentials to the cells, remove carbon dioxide and metabolic waste from the cells
(also helps fight infection)
Arteries - Answers Do not stretch very easily, large increase in pressure causes small increase in
diameter
Veins - Answers Stretch easily, small increase in pressure causes large increase in diameter
Formula for cardiac output - Answers HRxSV
Formula for Arterial pressure - Answers PRxCO
Nephron - Answers Basic functional unit of the kidney
Three basic functions of the kidneys - Answers Cleansing of ECF and maintenance of ECF volume and
composition, Maintenance of acid-base balance, excretion of metabolic wastes and foreign substances
Diuretic Beers Criteria - Answers Use with caution in 65 years or older due to the potential to exacerbate
SIADH or hyponatremia, monitor sodium concentration closely
Unsafe to use diuretics in - Answers Pregnant women, can cause maternal death, abortion, fetal
reabsorption
Safe to use diureticss - Answers Small doses with pediatric patients
Furosemide works in the - Answers Ascending limb of the loop of henle
Furosemide brand name - Answers Lasix
Furosemide MOA - Answers Produces profound diuresis
Blocks reabsorption of sodium and chloride, preventing reabsorption of water
Furosemide Use - Answers Used when rapid or massive mobilization of fluid is required
- pulmonary edema from CHF
- edema from heart, liver, kidney that has not responded to other medications
- HTN
Furosemide is especially useful in - Answers Especially useful in patients with severe renal impairment
because it can promote diuresis when GFR and renal blood flow are low
,Furosemide can be combined with - Answers Can be combined with a thiazide diuretic
Furosemide starts working - Answers starts working in 60 minutes and lasts 8 hours
Furosemide goal - Answers goal is to decrease edema and treat HTN
Furosemide caution - Answers Use with caution with CV disease, renal impairment, DM, Gout,
Pregnancy, Ototoxic drugs, NSAIDS, antihypertensives
Furosemide is a k... - Answers K wasting diuretic
Hypokalemia can cause - Answers can cause fatal dysrhythmia
Hypokalemia value - Answers Less than 3.5mEq/L
Furosemide adverse effects - Answers adverse effects include hyponatremia, hypochloremia,
hypotension, dehydration, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, increase in LDL and
triglycerides, decrease in HDL, ototoxicity
Signs of dehydration - Answers signs include dry mouth, unusual thirst, oliguria
if dehydration or hypotension occurs with furosemide - Answers discontinue furosemide if this occurs
Furosemide patient education - Answers Patient education is to monitor BP, s/s of postural hypotension,
K rich foods
Furosemide interacts with ... - Answers Digoxin, ototoxic drugs, K sparing diuretics, NSAIDS,
antihypertensives, lithium interacts with...
Drug class of Furosemide - Answers Loop diuretic example
Furosemide dose - Answers dose is 20, 40, 80mg daily or BID dosing
Hydrochlorothiazide AKA - Answers Microzide
Hydrochlorothiazide works in the - Answers works in the early segment of the distal convoluted tube
HCTZ MOA - Answers Promotes urine production by blocking the reabsorption of NA and Cl causing
water retention in the nephron and increased flow of urine
HCTZ must have - Answers Must have adequate kidney function to work, GFR must be at least 20mL/min
HCTZ is a derivative of - Answers Steroids
HCTZ starts working in - Answers 2 hours and peaks at 4 to 6 hours
HCTZ Dose - Answers Dose is 12.5, 25. 50 mg daily or BID
, HCTZ Caution with - Answers Caution with CV disease, renal impairment, DM, Gout, Digoxin, Lithium,
antihypertensives
Hypokalemia signs - Answers constipation, heart palpitations, fatigue, muscle weakness, tingling,
numbness
HCTZ patient education - Answers Educate patient on daily weights, s/s of hypokalemia
HCTZ adverse effects - Answers Nearly identical to loop diuretics but not ototoxic (hyponatremia,
hypochloremia, dehydration, hypotension, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, reduction of
HDL cholesterol, increase in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides)
Potassium sparing diuretic subtypes - Answers aldosterone antagonists, non-aldosterone antagonists
Spironolactone drug class - Answers Aldosterone antagonist potassium-sparing diuretic
Spironolactone works in the - Answers works in the late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
(distal nephron)
Aldosterone acts to - Answers acts to promote sodium uptake in exchange for potassium secretion
Aldosterone Antagonist acts to - Answers retention of potassium and increased excretion of sodium
Spironolactone MOA - Answers Blocks the actions of aldosterone in the distal nephron causing the
retention of potassium and excretion of NA
Spironolactone produces modest... - Answers produces modest increase in urine production
Spironolactone produces substantial - Answers produces substantial decrease in potassium excretion
Spironolactone is often used to - Answers often used to counteract potassium loss caused by thiazide
and loop diuretics, not usually used alone for diuresis
Spironolactone produces scanty diuresis because... - Answers most NA has already been reabsorbed
before reaching the distal nephron
Spironolactone used with - Answers Used with HTN, edema, CHF (blocking aldosterone creates
protective effects), used in combination to counteract K wasting drugs
Spironolactone dosing - Answers 25, 50, 100mg tablets, 25-200mg per day
Spironolactone works in - Answers 48 hours (delayed effects)
Spironolactone off label uses - Answers Off-label uses include acne, hair loss, hirsutism, hormone
therapy for transgender females
Spironolactone adverse effects - Answers adverse effects are hyperkalemia (dysrhythmia), endocrine
effects (gynecomastia, menstrual irregularities, impotence, hirsutism, deep voice)
