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LEARNING MATERIALS
Subject: Biology / Human Physiology / Medicine
Unit 1: Introduction to Cell Biology / Cell Biology for Medicine
Topic 1: Introduction to Cell Biology / Cell Biology for Medicine
Level: 3
Essential reading:
The essential textbook for this topic is Tortora, G.J., and Grabowski,
S.R., 2002. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 10th ed. London:
John Wiley & Sons. ISBN no: 9780471224723
Recommended reading:
Recommended reading for this topic is listed in the back pages of
these learning materials.
Further resources:
Further resources to deepen your learning on specific aspects of this
topic are listed throughout these learning materials.
If you see this icon you will be able to listen to how the word is
pronounced.
Read and make notes:
Making notes turns reading into studying. Notes should be brief, clear and
helpful.
To help your understanding:
• rewrite or summarise what you have learned (avoid copying what
you have read);
• note down any questions your studying has raised, either to ask
your tutor, or to develop into further research.
To help you to remember:
• sum things up to improve long term memory;
• write things down to aid motor memory;
• use colour, images or patterns to help visual memory.
To help you in your assessments:
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
, • record where you will find information (e.g. page numbers);
• keep your notes organised and easy to navigate;
• highlight where further reading and research are needed,
including any recommended or further reading;
• use your notes to help you get started on your TAQs.
Read the Specification:
So that you will know the criteria you will be assessed on please read
the unit specification in my courses on the Materials page.
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
, Subject: Biology / Human Physiology / Medicine
Unit 1: Introduction to Cell Biology / Cell Biology for Medicine
Topic 1: Introduction to Cell Biology / Cell Biology for Medicine
Level: 3
LEARNING MATERIALS
Contents
Press CTRL + Click in the contents list to go to the relevant page
Introduction .............................................................................................3
1. Microscopes .....................................................................................5
1.1 Light microscopes .......................................................................................5
1.2 Electron microscopes ..................................................................................6
2. Cell structure....................................................................................7
2.1 Prokaryotic cells ..........................................................................................7
2.1.1 Nucleoid.........................................................................................8
2.1.2 Plasmids ........................................................................................8
2.1.3 Ribosomes ....................................................................................8
2.1.4 Pili and flagellum ...........................................................................9
2.2 Eukaryotic cells: Animals ............................................................................9
2.2.1 Nucleus........................................................................................10
2.2.2 Endoplasmic reticulum ................................................................10
2.2.3 Golgi apparatus ...........................................................................11
2.2.4 Mitochondria ................................................................................11
2.2.5 Cytoskeleton................................................................................12
2.3 Eukaryotic cells: Plants .............................................................................13
2.3.1 Central vacuole ...........................................................................13
2.3.2 Cell wall .......................................................................................13
2.3.3 Chloroplasts ................................................................................14
2.4 Specialised eukaryotic cells ......................................................................14
2.4.1 Red blood cells ............................................................................14
2.4.2 Spermatozoa ...............................................................................14
3. Membrane structure and function .................................................. 16
3.1 Fluid mosaic model ...................................................................................16
3.1.1 The phospholipid bilayer .............................................................17
3.1.2 Proteins .......................................................................................17
3.1.3 Carbohydrates .............................................................................18
3.1.4 Cholesterol ..................................................................................18
3.2 Passive transport.......................................................................................18
3.2.1 Simple diffusion ...........................................................................18
3.2.2 Osmosis.......................................................................................19
3.2.3 Facilitated diffusion .....................................................................19
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
, Subject: Biology / Human Physiology / Medicine
Unit 1: Introduction to Cell Biology / Cell Biology for Medicine
Topic 1: Introduction to Cell Biology / Cell Biology for Medicine
Level: 3
LEARNING MATERIALS
3.3 Active transport..........................................................................................20
3.4 Bulk transport ............................................................................................21
3.4.1 Endocytosis .................................................................................21
3.4.2 Exocytosis ...................................................................................21
4. Cell division ................................................................................... 23
4.1 Mitosis........................................................................................................23
4.1.1 Prophase .....................................................................................24
4.1.2 Prometaphase .............................................................................25
4.1.3 Metaphase...................................................................................25
4.1.4 Anaphase ....................................................................................25
4.1.5 Telophase....................................................................................25
4.1.6 Cytokinesis ..................................................................................25
4.2 Meiosis.......................................................................................................26
4.2.1 Crossing over ..............................................................................26
4.2.2 Independent assortment .............................................................27
5. Necrosis and apoptosis ................................................................. 29
5.1 Necrosis .....................................................................................................29
5.2 Apoptosis ...................................................................................................29
Appendix ................................................................................................ 31
Recommended reading .......................................................................... 34
Resources .............................................................................................. 34
Sources and credits ............................................................................... 34
Image credits ......................................................................................................34
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
LEARNING MATERIALS
Subject: Biology / Human Physiology / Medicine
Unit 1: Introduction to Cell Biology / Cell Biology for Medicine
Topic 1: Introduction to Cell Biology / Cell Biology for Medicine
Level: 3
Essential reading:
The essential textbook for this topic is Tortora, G.J., and Grabowski,
S.R., 2002. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 10th ed. London:
John Wiley & Sons. ISBN no: 9780471224723
Recommended reading:
Recommended reading for this topic is listed in the back pages of
these learning materials.
Further resources:
Further resources to deepen your learning on specific aspects of this
topic are listed throughout these learning materials.
If you see this icon you will be able to listen to how the word is
pronounced.
Read and make notes:
Making notes turns reading into studying. Notes should be brief, clear and
helpful.
To help your understanding:
• rewrite or summarise what you have learned (avoid copying what
you have read);
• note down any questions your studying has raised, either to ask
your tutor, or to develop into further research.
To help you to remember:
• sum things up to improve long term memory;
• write things down to aid motor memory;
• use colour, images or patterns to help visual memory.
To help you in your assessments:
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
, • record where you will find information (e.g. page numbers);
• keep your notes organised and easy to navigate;
• highlight where further reading and research are needed,
including any recommended or further reading;
• use your notes to help you get started on your TAQs.
Read the Specification:
So that you will know the criteria you will be assessed on please read
the unit specification in my courses on the Materials page.
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
, Subject: Biology / Human Physiology / Medicine
Unit 1: Introduction to Cell Biology / Cell Biology for Medicine
Topic 1: Introduction to Cell Biology / Cell Biology for Medicine
Level: 3
LEARNING MATERIALS
Contents
Press CTRL + Click in the contents list to go to the relevant page
Introduction .............................................................................................3
1. Microscopes .....................................................................................5
1.1 Light microscopes .......................................................................................5
1.2 Electron microscopes ..................................................................................6
2. Cell structure....................................................................................7
2.1 Prokaryotic cells ..........................................................................................7
2.1.1 Nucleoid.........................................................................................8
2.1.2 Plasmids ........................................................................................8
2.1.3 Ribosomes ....................................................................................8
2.1.4 Pili and flagellum ...........................................................................9
2.2 Eukaryotic cells: Animals ............................................................................9
2.2.1 Nucleus........................................................................................10
2.2.2 Endoplasmic reticulum ................................................................10
2.2.3 Golgi apparatus ...........................................................................11
2.2.4 Mitochondria ................................................................................11
2.2.5 Cytoskeleton................................................................................12
2.3 Eukaryotic cells: Plants .............................................................................13
2.3.1 Central vacuole ...........................................................................13
2.3.2 Cell wall .......................................................................................13
2.3.3 Chloroplasts ................................................................................14
2.4 Specialised eukaryotic cells ......................................................................14
2.4.1 Red blood cells ............................................................................14
2.4.2 Spermatozoa ...............................................................................14
3. Membrane structure and function .................................................. 16
3.1 Fluid mosaic model ...................................................................................16
3.1.1 The phospholipid bilayer .............................................................17
3.1.2 Proteins .......................................................................................17
3.1.3 Carbohydrates .............................................................................18
3.1.4 Cholesterol ..................................................................................18
3.2 Passive transport.......................................................................................18
3.2.1 Simple diffusion ...........................................................................18
3.2.2 Osmosis.......................................................................................19
3.2.3 Facilitated diffusion .....................................................................19
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
, Subject: Biology / Human Physiology / Medicine
Unit 1: Introduction to Cell Biology / Cell Biology for Medicine
Topic 1: Introduction to Cell Biology / Cell Biology for Medicine
Level: 3
LEARNING MATERIALS
3.3 Active transport..........................................................................................20
3.4 Bulk transport ............................................................................................21
3.4.1 Endocytosis .................................................................................21
3.4.2 Exocytosis ...................................................................................21
4. Cell division ................................................................................... 23
4.1 Mitosis........................................................................................................23
4.1.1 Prophase .....................................................................................24
4.1.2 Prometaphase .............................................................................25
4.1.3 Metaphase...................................................................................25
4.1.4 Anaphase ....................................................................................25
4.1.5 Telophase....................................................................................25
4.1.6 Cytokinesis ..................................................................................25
4.2 Meiosis.......................................................................................................26
4.2.1 Crossing over ..............................................................................26
4.2.2 Independent assortment .............................................................27
5. Necrosis and apoptosis ................................................................. 29
5.1 Necrosis .....................................................................................................29
5.2 Apoptosis ...................................................................................................29
Appendix ................................................................................................ 31
Recommended reading .......................................................................... 34
Resources .............................................................................................. 34
Sources and credits ............................................................................... 34
Image credits ......................................................................................................34
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
