Essay plans- crusade
The threats the Seljuks imposed onto the Christians 1070s to 1980s
1077- Sulayman declares sultan of Rum.
The defeat at Manzikert in 1071 was the main reason the Byzantine Empire was in such a
weak position by 1095
The consequences of Manzikert- territorial The Normans and Pechenegs
and economic
Normans look Bari in 1071 by Robert Guiscard
The battle of Manzikert in 1071 resulted in the same year as Manzikert so this put more
the loss of Analtolia and so 30, 000sqm of strain on the Byzantines
land lost as a result
1082- Norman’s take Durazzo and Corfu
So as a result of land lost this meant less crops
for harvests and then this resulted in 1087- 800,000 pechenegs turned up at
conscription constantinople
The battle also occurred in the same year the
Norman’s lost Bari and in correlation to the However in 1081 Alexios won against the
territory the Byzantine lost, their influence Pechenegs at the battle of lebulion
and power followed And so at
Recruiting grounds were gone as a result of
the loss of Anatolia so conscription was put in
place so fewer work men in fields.
Anatolia now provided the perfect place from
where they could launch and sustain their
attacks
The civil war that followed as a result The situation with the East
As Romanos IV was defeated by Alp Arslan 1081- 1086 he had an alliance with Suleyman
and was forced to give up his purple and so in 1086-92 alliance with Malik shah
1072 Micheal VII became leader
When they died the alliance died with him
Micheal VII was an unreliable leader resulting leaving Alexios venerable
in many revolts against him for example in
1074 Micheal had to order John to defeat Link- the loss of Anatolia provided a new
some Norman mercenaries that rebelled power base for the Seljuks to launch attacks
against him to further weaken the Byzantine. For example
the Sultan of Rum Suleyman broke away from
There was a 10 year civil war that followed the Seljuk empire in 1077 and declares
with with this, for example 1094 Nikephoros independence.
conducted a coup against Alexios
, Eventually he grew in size and frequency and
So in 1095 plead for help at urban at Piacenza the local Byzantine popular soon withdrew
from cities particularly Constantinople.
However Alexios made an alliance with
Suleyman.
To what extent can the first crusade be explained by disunity within the Islamic Near East
Muslim disunity Religious conviction
Kilij Arslan away fighting the Danishmen Antioch In 1097 Peter Bartholomew
during the siege of nicaea discovered the Holy Lance under Saint peter’s
church this boosted morale of The Crusaders
Death of Malik Shah In 1092- separation into 5 so much that 25,000 crusaders defeated
emirs Kerbogas army of 35,000
Battle of Antioch- Kerbogha of Mosul led the During the siege of Jerusalem crusaders fasted
relief army and marched the mount of olives to ask for
gods Intersession
1098 Jerusalem captured by Fatimids, no
support from Seljuks At Dorylaeum- chants from priests of “stand
fast and trust in God”
Dorylaeum- no reaction when crusaders
walked on Islamic land, showing how
distracted they were by divisions
Military strength of the crusades External support
Bogemond of Taranto leadership was crucial Nicaea- Design time support such as generals,
for the victories at Antioch in 1198 and Tatikios . They sent supplies for ships 30km
Jerusalem in 1099 especially when faced with overland.
Kerboga’s stairs 35, 000 strong army and
Antioch Byzantines secured supply lines across Antioch
Godfrey Is a strong leader As he dismantled Genoese support for siege of Jerusalem,
the siege towers at Jerusalem 1099 from the Which enabled them to capture Jaffa use it as
South wall to move it north supply for siege towers, used timber from
ships at Jaffa
At Dorylaeum Bohemund and Robert of
Normandy Held A tight formation with the
army and had a strategic position Meaning
they could not be flanked. Sent riders to get
reinforcements form other crusaders
Antioch- Bohemund- tower guard Firuz
, Nicaea- split into 2 formations to attack
separate parts of wall
To what extent was Pope urban II’a decision to call the first Crusade the result of the
papacy’s desire for supremacy
Papal authority Situation in the East/Byzantium
Secular authority – Henry IV and Philip I Death of Malik Shah 1092 meant more raiding
Support of Matilda of Tuscany- to find ideas of into Byzantine lands and persecution of pilgrims
Holy war and just war to re-estbalish the papacy e.g. Caka
above lords and kings of Europe. Mathew of Edessa’s account
Holy war established in 1073 and Gregory VII Byzantine territory pushed back by 30,000 sq km
tried to call for a crusade in 1073 but was after defeat at Manzikert 1071 same year Bari
unsuccessful was taken (last remaining land in Italy)– pressure
on economy refugees etc. Led to 10 year Civil
Investiture contest 1073. War and instability, as a result of 1071 Manzikert
Romanos IV had to give up his purple to Micheal
Antipope, Clemont III formed in 1084 but there were many revellers gains mciheal
seen as in 1074 Hohn had to defeat the Norman
At the council of Clemont in 1095 urban public mercneies that rebelled against him
ally humiliated Henry over his supposed sexual
depravity and got how son Conrad to even agree . Alexios still faced issues e.g. Nikephorus
that he was an abusive hsuan Diogenes revolt 1094, and so was overwhelmed
by his own internal threats and external threats
, Urban II used the Council of Piacenza March 1st eg.g in 1987 80,000 pechenges arrived at
– 7th 1095 to further his reform. Constantinople.
It was held in Lombardy, northern Italy – in Alexios called for help at Piacenza due to these
Henry IV’s territory and attended by 200 factors.
bishops; 4,000 clergy; 30,000 laymen.
Link – Urban uses this to show supremacy of the
He wasn’t able to visit Rome for 6 years until the Western Church after the Great Schism
Normans invaded Rome after urban II promised
them spiritual indulgences which sparked urban
ideas of a crusade.
Papal reforms/society Situation in Europe
Endemic violence and growth of the knightly
Ideas have been traced back to 1053- Civate class - Violence everywhere, impinging on
everyday life: legal disputes often resolved
Truce of God and peace of god established since by trial by battle, crude economic warfare being
1027. waged e.g. 1100, knight from Gascony caught
brother’s murdered-face horribly
Cluniac reforms -1050s increased religiosity and mutilated, hands and feet cut off
focus on pilgrimage to Jerusalem
“Though shall not kill”
Gregorian reforms focus on clerical corruption –
simony, investiture issues etc – Urban used -Lack of real control from Kings – reliant on Lords
Clermont 1095 to preach these with 200 and Barons, especially in France and Italy (due to
bishops. the Normans). Royal authority only real
around Paris.
Dictatus Papae – previous attempts of Papacy to Famine and ergotism
expand power
Link – Urban was tapping into the growth of the
Expansion of the truce and peace of God knightly class to build a holy army loyal to him.
movement. For example in 1073 Gregory gave Pope’s also had to care for their ‘flock’ this would
his permission for knights to fight Muslims in act as a way of saving the souls of the west
Spain.
The threats the Seljuks imposed onto the Christians 1070s to 1980s
1077- Sulayman declares sultan of Rum.
The defeat at Manzikert in 1071 was the main reason the Byzantine Empire was in such a
weak position by 1095
The consequences of Manzikert- territorial The Normans and Pechenegs
and economic
Normans look Bari in 1071 by Robert Guiscard
The battle of Manzikert in 1071 resulted in the same year as Manzikert so this put more
the loss of Analtolia and so 30, 000sqm of strain on the Byzantines
land lost as a result
1082- Norman’s take Durazzo and Corfu
So as a result of land lost this meant less crops
for harvests and then this resulted in 1087- 800,000 pechenegs turned up at
conscription constantinople
The battle also occurred in the same year the
Norman’s lost Bari and in correlation to the However in 1081 Alexios won against the
territory the Byzantine lost, their influence Pechenegs at the battle of lebulion
and power followed And so at
Recruiting grounds were gone as a result of
the loss of Anatolia so conscription was put in
place so fewer work men in fields.
Anatolia now provided the perfect place from
where they could launch and sustain their
attacks
The civil war that followed as a result The situation with the East
As Romanos IV was defeated by Alp Arslan 1081- 1086 he had an alliance with Suleyman
and was forced to give up his purple and so in 1086-92 alliance with Malik shah
1072 Micheal VII became leader
When they died the alliance died with him
Micheal VII was an unreliable leader resulting leaving Alexios venerable
in many revolts against him for example in
1074 Micheal had to order John to defeat Link- the loss of Anatolia provided a new
some Norman mercenaries that rebelled power base for the Seljuks to launch attacks
against him to further weaken the Byzantine. For example
the Sultan of Rum Suleyman broke away from
There was a 10 year civil war that followed the Seljuk empire in 1077 and declares
with with this, for example 1094 Nikephoros independence.
conducted a coup against Alexios
, Eventually he grew in size and frequency and
So in 1095 plead for help at urban at Piacenza the local Byzantine popular soon withdrew
from cities particularly Constantinople.
However Alexios made an alliance with
Suleyman.
To what extent can the first crusade be explained by disunity within the Islamic Near East
Muslim disunity Religious conviction
Kilij Arslan away fighting the Danishmen Antioch In 1097 Peter Bartholomew
during the siege of nicaea discovered the Holy Lance under Saint peter’s
church this boosted morale of The Crusaders
Death of Malik Shah In 1092- separation into 5 so much that 25,000 crusaders defeated
emirs Kerbogas army of 35,000
Battle of Antioch- Kerbogha of Mosul led the During the siege of Jerusalem crusaders fasted
relief army and marched the mount of olives to ask for
gods Intersession
1098 Jerusalem captured by Fatimids, no
support from Seljuks At Dorylaeum- chants from priests of “stand
fast and trust in God”
Dorylaeum- no reaction when crusaders
walked on Islamic land, showing how
distracted they were by divisions
Military strength of the crusades External support
Bogemond of Taranto leadership was crucial Nicaea- Design time support such as generals,
for the victories at Antioch in 1198 and Tatikios . They sent supplies for ships 30km
Jerusalem in 1099 especially when faced with overland.
Kerboga’s stairs 35, 000 strong army and
Antioch Byzantines secured supply lines across Antioch
Godfrey Is a strong leader As he dismantled Genoese support for siege of Jerusalem,
the siege towers at Jerusalem 1099 from the Which enabled them to capture Jaffa use it as
South wall to move it north supply for siege towers, used timber from
ships at Jaffa
At Dorylaeum Bohemund and Robert of
Normandy Held A tight formation with the
army and had a strategic position Meaning
they could not be flanked. Sent riders to get
reinforcements form other crusaders
Antioch- Bohemund- tower guard Firuz
, Nicaea- split into 2 formations to attack
separate parts of wall
To what extent was Pope urban II’a decision to call the first Crusade the result of the
papacy’s desire for supremacy
Papal authority Situation in the East/Byzantium
Secular authority – Henry IV and Philip I Death of Malik Shah 1092 meant more raiding
Support of Matilda of Tuscany- to find ideas of into Byzantine lands and persecution of pilgrims
Holy war and just war to re-estbalish the papacy e.g. Caka
above lords and kings of Europe. Mathew of Edessa’s account
Holy war established in 1073 and Gregory VII Byzantine territory pushed back by 30,000 sq km
tried to call for a crusade in 1073 but was after defeat at Manzikert 1071 same year Bari
unsuccessful was taken (last remaining land in Italy)– pressure
on economy refugees etc. Led to 10 year Civil
Investiture contest 1073. War and instability, as a result of 1071 Manzikert
Romanos IV had to give up his purple to Micheal
Antipope, Clemont III formed in 1084 but there were many revellers gains mciheal
seen as in 1074 Hohn had to defeat the Norman
At the council of Clemont in 1095 urban public mercneies that rebelled against him
ally humiliated Henry over his supposed sexual
depravity and got how son Conrad to even agree . Alexios still faced issues e.g. Nikephorus
that he was an abusive hsuan Diogenes revolt 1094, and so was overwhelmed
by his own internal threats and external threats
, Urban II used the Council of Piacenza March 1st eg.g in 1987 80,000 pechenges arrived at
– 7th 1095 to further his reform. Constantinople.
It was held in Lombardy, northern Italy – in Alexios called for help at Piacenza due to these
Henry IV’s territory and attended by 200 factors.
bishops; 4,000 clergy; 30,000 laymen.
Link – Urban uses this to show supremacy of the
He wasn’t able to visit Rome for 6 years until the Western Church after the Great Schism
Normans invaded Rome after urban II promised
them spiritual indulgences which sparked urban
ideas of a crusade.
Papal reforms/society Situation in Europe
Endemic violence and growth of the knightly
Ideas have been traced back to 1053- Civate class - Violence everywhere, impinging on
everyday life: legal disputes often resolved
Truce of God and peace of god established since by trial by battle, crude economic warfare being
1027. waged e.g. 1100, knight from Gascony caught
brother’s murdered-face horribly
Cluniac reforms -1050s increased religiosity and mutilated, hands and feet cut off
focus on pilgrimage to Jerusalem
“Though shall not kill”
Gregorian reforms focus on clerical corruption –
simony, investiture issues etc – Urban used -Lack of real control from Kings – reliant on Lords
Clermont 1095 to preach these with 200 and Barons, especially in France and Italy (due to
bishops. the Normans). Royal authority only real
around Paris.
Dictatus Papae – previous attempts of Papacy to Famine and ergotism
expand power
Link – Urban was tapping into the growth of the
Expansion of the truce and peace of God knightly class to build a holy army loyal to him.
movement. For example in 1073 Gregory gave Pope’s also had to care for their ‘flock’ this would
his permission for knights to fight Muslims in act as a way of saving the souls of the west
Spain.
