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P1: memory
the multi-store model of memory
describe what is meant by the MSM
-representation of how memory works in terms of STM, LTM and SR
-also describes how info is transferred between stores and what makes
memories last and disappear
what is short term memory? give an example
-temporary store where small amounts of info are kept for brief periods
-e.g. 4 digit code
give some features of STM
-duration= 18-30 secs
-capacity= between 5 and 9 items (7+/- 2)
what is maintenance rehearsal?
-occurs when we repeat material ourselves again and again
-if we do this enough, it goes into LTM
what is long term memory? give an example
-permanent store where limitless amounts of info can be stored for long
periods of time
-e.g. names, addresses, anything
how can we recall info from LTM?
-must be transferred to STM through a process called retrieval
what is the sensory register?
-temporary store holding all incoming info from each of our senses
-large capacity but short duration
P1: memory 1
, describe what is meant by coding
-the format in which info is stored in a memory system
describe the three types of coding
-image= visual coding
-sound= acoustic coding
-meaning= semantic coding
describe what is meant by capacity
-how much info the memory can hold
describe what is meant by duration
-length of time info can be held in memory
what did Baddeley (1966) investigate?
-coding of STM and LTM
what was his method?
-gave different lists of words to four groups of participants to recall
-lists were either: acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar,
semantically similar, semantically dissimilar
what were the results when the task was carried out immediately and
what did this show?
-when recalling from STM the participants did worse with acoustically
similar words
-suggests that STM codes info acoustically
what were the results when the task was carried out after 20 mins and
what did this show?
-when recalling from LTM the participants did worse with semantically
similar words
-suggests that LTM codes info semantically
explain two strengths of this research
research demonstrates that STM and LTM stores are different
-for example, his research showed us that STM is coded
acoustically and LTM is coded semantically
P1: memory 2
, -enhances our understanding of how memory works and has also
been used to support later theories of memory such as multi store
model
-so his research is very useful
Baddeley used the experimental method in his research
-we know this because in the study a step by step procedure was
used to investigate coding of STM/LTM and extraneous variables
would have been controlled
-shows use of control and standardisation
-advantageous as this study can be replicated by other researchers
and tested for consistency
explain one limitation of this research
low mundane realism
-participants were asked to recall a list of words that were
meaningless to them
-not a real life e.g. of a task which would test memory in everyday
life
-lowers external validity so finding may not be generalisable
-instead they could ask participants to recall words that have some
meaning to them
what did Sperling (1960) investigate?
-conducted a lab experiment to investigate capacity and duration of
sensory register
what was his method?
-flashed 3x4 grid of letters onto a screen for 50 milliseconds
-there were 2 conditions: participants either had to recall the whole grid
or only one row which they didnt know until after seeing the letters
what were the results and what do these suggest?
-participants performed worse when asked to recall all letters
compared to when they were asked to recall one row only
P1: memory 3
P1: memory
the multi-store model of memory
describe what is meant by the MSM
-representation of how memory works in terms of STM, LTM and SR
-also describes how info is transferred between stores and what makes
memories last and disappear
what is short term memory? give an example
-temporary store where small amounts of info are kept for brief periods
-e.g. 4 digit code
give some features of STM
-duration= 18-30 secs
-capacity= between 5 and 9 items (7+/- 2)
what is maintenance rehearsal?
-occurs when we repeat material ourselves again and again
-if we do this enough, it goes into LTM
what is long term memory? give an example
-permanent store where limitless amounts of info can be stored for long
periods of time
-e.g. names, addresses, anything
how can we recall info from LTM?
-must be transferred to STM through a process called retrieval
what is the sensory register?
-temporary store holding all incoming info from each of our senses
-large capacity but short duration
P1: memory 1
, describe what is meant by coding
-the format in which info is stored in a memory system
describe the three types of coding
-image= visual coding
-sound= acoustic coding
-meaning= semantic coding
describe what is meant by capacity
-how much info the memory can hold
describe what is meant by duration
-length of time info can be held in memory
what did Baddeley (1966) investigate?
-coding of STM and LTM
what was his method?
-gave different lists of words to four groups of participants to recall
-lists were either: acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar,
semantically similar, semantically dissimilar
what were the results when the task was carried out immediately and
what did this show?
-when recalling from STM the participants did worse with acoustically
similar words
-suggests that STM codes info acoustically
what were the results when the task was carried out after 20 mins and
what did this show?
-when recalling from LTM the participants did worse with semantically
similar words
-suggests that LTM codes info semantically
explain two strengths of this research
research demonstrates that STM and LTM stores are different
-for example, his research showed us that STM is coded
acoustically and LTM is coded semantically
P1: memory 2
, -enhances our understanding of how memory works and has also
been used to support later theories of memory such as multi store
model
-so his research is very useful
Baddeley used the experimental method in his research
-we know this because in the study a step by step procedure was
used to investigate coding of STM/LTM and extraneous variables
would have been controlled
-shows use of control and standardisation
-advantageous as this study can be replicated by other researchers
and tested for consistency
explain one limitation of this research
low mundane realism
-participants were asked to recall a list of words that were
meaningless to them
-not a real life e.g. of a task which would test memory in everyday
life
-lowers external validity so finding may not be generalisable
-instead they could ask participants to recall words that have some
meaning to them
what did Sperling (1960) investigate?
-conducted a lab experiment to investigate capacity and duration of
sensory register
what was his method?
-flashed 3x4 grid of letters onto a screen for 50 milliseconds
-there were 2 conditions: participants either had to recall the whole grid
or only one row which they didnt know until after seeing the letters
what were the results and what do these suggest?
-participants performed worse when asked to recall all letters
compared to when they were asked to recall one row only
P1: memory 3
