Introduction to
Biological Molecules
Molecular biological
*
biology : the
study of molecules
>
-
Formation of Molecules (Bending)
covalent
bonding : shared pair of electrons between atoms
↳ results in full outer shells/stability , forming a molecule .
attraction between opposite charges forming
ionic
bonding : ions with ,
a molecule
.
hydrogen bonding : attraction between
regions with
opposite charges from different molecules
↳ forms electrostatic bonds (weak individually
distributed
> electrons are not evenly in a molecule leading to a
region being
-
,
more
negatively charged than another.
-
>
polar molecule : a molecule with an uneven distribution of charges ,
or polarised
and Macromolecules
>
-
Polymerisation
monomers : small molecules
chains of
polymers long: monomer subunits
through polymerisation
>
-
Condensation and Hydrolysis
condensation join : two molecules ; produce/remove water
H
H H H
H
"
e I
.
g
.: I
C H
-H
C- +
c H
4
H
4
+
- -
Y I -
-
H
-
H C C
it
= -
&
it Y
break down adding water
hydrolysis : a molecule
;
H H H
+ H-p-
e .
.:
g I
H
A
H
C
c - -
~
H =
C -
C
it
it "g
>
-
Moles and Molar Solutions
mole : unit for amount of substance
6 022x1023
.
particles in 1 mol
(Avogadro Constant or Number
↑ mole of substance weights in the same its atomic number (in Periodic Table
a ,
grams ,
as
1mol of
e .
g
.: Na =
139
molar solution (M) : 1 mol per 1 Litre of the solution
sodium solution contains of
e .
g
.: M of a
25g Na .
Biological Molecules
Molecular biological
*
biology : the
study of molecules
>
-
Formation of Molecules (Bending)
covalent
bonding : shared pair of electrons between atoms
↳ results in full outer shells/stability , forming a molecule .
attraction between opposite charges forming
ionic
bonding : ions with ,
a molecule
.
hydrogen bonding : attraction between
regions with
opposite charges from different molecules
↳ forms electrostatic bonds (weak individually
distributed
> electrons are not evenly in a molecule leading to a
region being
-
,
more
negatively charged than another.
-
>
polar molecule : a molecule with an uneven distribution of charges ,
or polarised
and Macromolecules
>
-
Polymerisation
monomers : small molecules
chains of
polymers long: monomer subunits
through polymerisation
>
-
Condensation and Hydrolysis
condensation join : two molecules ; produce/remove water
H
H H H
H
"
e I
.
g
.: I
C H
-H
C- +
c H
4
H
4
+
- -
Y I -
-
H
-
H C C
it
= -
&
it Y
break down adding water
hydrolysis : a molecule
;
H H H
+ H-p-
e .
.:
g I
H
A
H
C
c - -
~
H =
C -
C
it
it "g
>
-
Moles and Molar Solutions
mole : unit for amount of substance
6 022x1023
.
particles in 1 mol
(Avogadro Constant or Number
↑ mole of substance weights in the same its atomic number (in Periodic Table
a ,
grams ,
as
1mol of
e .
g
.: Na =
139
molar solution (M) : 1 mol per 1 Litre of the solution
sodium solution contains of
e .
g
.: M of a
25g Na .
