Organic Chemistry Rated A+

Organic Chemistry Rated A+ Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry focuses on the study of carbon compounds, including those with no connection to living organisms. This branch of chemistry encompasses a wide range of compounds, from simple molecules to complex biomolecules. Bonding in Carbon Compounds Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. Saturated hydrocarbons, the most chemically inert of all organic compounds, are composed solely of carbon-to-carbon single bonds. Unsaturated hydrocarbons, on the other hand, contain carbon-to-carbon double or triple bonds. Atomic Structure of Carbon Carbon has an atomic number of 6, meaning it has 6 protons, 6 electrons, and an atomic weight of 12.0. Its electron configuration is characterized by 2 electrons in the first energy level and 4 electrons in the second energy level. Carbon's Bonding Capabilities Carbon's ability to form bonds with other elements is due to its capacity to share four electrons to achieve a more stable configuration. When bonding with hydrogen or halogens, carbon shares one electron. When bonding with oxygen or sulfur, carbon shares up to two electrons. With nitrogen, carbon can share up to three electrons. Halogens and Hydrocarbons Halogens include fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I). Hydrocarbon molecules consist only of carbon and hydrogen atoms and can be classified into aliphatic and aromatic categories. Substituted Hydrocarbon ️One or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by another atom or group of atoms called a Functional Group. Aliphatic Hydrocarbon ️A saturated hydrocarbon that contains only hydrogen (the maximum number) and carbon. Does not contain benzene ring. Aromatic Hydrocarbon ️Contain at least one benzene ring or similar structural feature