BIO 210 Chapter 2 Learning Outcomes Verified Solutions

BIO 210 Chapter 2 Learning Outcomes Verified Solutions 1. Define the types of chemical bonds. - Ionic Bond: Involves the transfer of electrons between atoms. - Covalent Bond: Involves the sharing of electrons between atoms. 2. Identify the elements of the body from their symbols. - P (Phosphorus), Ca (Calcium), N (Nitrogen), H (Hydrogen), C (Carbon). 3. Distinguish between elements and compounds. - Elements are substances made up of only one type of atom. - Compounds consist of two or more different types of atoms chemically bonded together. 4. Explain the basis for radioactivity and the types and hazards of ionizing radiation. - Radioactivity occurs when unstable atomic nuclei decay and emit radiation. - Ionizing radiation, such as alpha, beta, and gamma rays, can cause genetic mutations and cancer due to its ability to ionize atoms and molecules. 5. State the functions of minerals in the body. - Minerals constitute about 4% of body weight. - They are crucial for body structure (e.g., calcium in bones and teeth) and for the function of enzymes. 6. Distinguish between ions, electrolytes, and free radicals. - Ion: A charged particle (atom or molecule) with unequal numbers of protons and electrons. - Electrolytes: Substances that ionize in water and can conduct electric current. - Free radicals: Short-lived particles with an unusual number of electrons, capable of damaging cells. Hydrogen Bond - Bond with partly positive end of particle with slightly negative end of particle Define mixture and distinguish between mixtures and compounds ️Mixture - A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined Compound - A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds Describe the biologically important properties of water ️It is cohesive and adhesive It has a high specific heat It has a high heat of vaporization It is less dense as a solid than a liquid It is a good solvent Show how three kinds of mixtures differ from each other ️1)Solution- consists of particles if matter called the solute mixes with a more abundant substances called solvent. 2)Colloid- mixture of protein and water, can change to a gel like state in cells. 3)Suspensions- separates on standing, cloudy, too large to penetrate selectively permeable membrane. Define acid and base and interpret the pH scale ️An acid is an ionic compound that produces positive hydrogen ions when dissolved in water Bases are an ionic compound that produces negative hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. pH Scale - Measures how acidic or basic a solution is (ranges from 0-14) Acidic is pH value less than 7 Base is pH value greater than 7 Neutral is pH value is 7 Discuss some ways in which the concentration of a solution can be expressed, and the kinds of information we can derive from the different units of measure ️Molarity - the concentration of