1 2 3 4 5
Gender and Limitation Strength Limitation Limitation Strength
culture in Actually social differences Increasing value of women Sexism in research Not publishing challenging Reflexivity
psychology: Maccoby and Jacklin: Positive attributes of women Gender bias --> sexism research Recognise effect of own
Gender bias studies show girls superior Ingalhalikar et al.: females Women underrepresented Research challenging gender values and assumptions
verbally and boys spatially, have better connected in uni depts, psychology biases not published Dambrin and Lambert
‘hardwired’ before birth, hemispheres, better at undergrads mostly female Formanowicz et al.: over (women) studied lack of
fact, widely reported multitasking but lecturers and 1000 articles on gender bias women in executive
Joel et al.: brain scanning, Harasty: women have larger researchers more likely male published over 8 years positions in accountancy
no such diffs. Broca’s Female ppts in inequitable Research on gender bias firms, included reflection on
M&J fits stereotypes – girls Cornwell: females better at rel.s w males, female funded less often, published how own experiences
speakers, boys doers learning – more attentive concerns not reflected in by less prestigious journals, influenced them
and organised research qs fewer scholars aware of
Have differences, overcome Males expect females to be it/applied it
sexism and gender bias but irrational, unable to Still true when gender bias
emphasising importance of complete complex tasks – compared to other kinds e.g.
women negatively label, ethnic + when other factors
expectations --> controlled e.g. methodology,
underperform author’s gender
Gender and Limitation Strength Strength Limitation Limitation
culture in Problem in classic studies Less difference Cultural psychology Ethnic stereotyping Operationalising variables
psychology: Esp. social influence Media globalisation Psych community Led to prejudice Hard to operationalise if
culture bias research, many studies Individualist-collectivist no worldwide, aware of diff.s, Gould: first intelligence tests studying a culture different
culturally biased longer applies international conferences of --> eugenics in US from their own
Asch and Milgram: US ppts, Takano and Osaka: 14/15 academics During WWII, IQ tests used e.g. aggression in tribal
mostly white, middle class studies US vs Japan no DSM had list of culture- on 1.75 million army recruits setting vs Western, in China
students evidence of specific behaviours Many items on test invasion of personal space
Replications abroad had diff. individualism/collectivism Clinicians – validity and ethnocentric e.g. US normal but
results Lazy and simplistic reliability of diagnosis president names abnormal/threatening in US
Asch replications in Cohen: cultural psychology – Recruits from SE Europe and Have indigenous researcher
collectivist --> more how shape and are shaped African-Americans did worst behavioural categories
conformity by cultural experience, w --> racist discourse about
Smith and Bond – European anthropology, sociology and genetic inferiority of cultural
textbook on Social political science and ethnic groups
Psychology, 66% studies Try to take emic approach Unfit and feeble-minded, no
, American, 32% European, with indigenous research + education/profession
2% from rest of world culturally-based techniques
Sears – 82% studies used Cross-cultural research on 2
undergrads as ppts + 51% cultures, not 8+
psych students
Random US student 4000x
more likely to be ppt than
random non-Westerner
Free will and Strength Strength Limitation Strength Limitation
determinism Practical value Brain scan evidence The law Determinism is scientific Free will more appealing
Common sense: free will on Libet et al.: told ppts to flick Hard determinist: not down Determinism makes Intuitive appeal
the daily their wrist at random to individual choice psychology a science Making own choices, not
Thinking we do = better moment while measuring Offenders held responsible, Human behaviour forces outside our control
mental health brain activity exercised mens rea in predictable and orderly – Not accepting fate e.g. if
Internal LOC – more Say when felt conscious will committing the crime studied scientifically w they have a criminal
mentally healthy to move 1994: Stephen Mobely – experiments background/family mental
Roberts et al.: fatalistic Unconscious brain activity ‘born to kill’ after killing Behaviourism + cognitivism health history
adolescents, more likely to around ½ sec before ppt pizza shop manager, family – more credibility than
develop depression, those consciously decided had disposition towards humanism
with external LOC less likely Other studies: activity in PFC violence and aggression, Hard determinism --> RWAs
to be optimistic up to 10s before person argument rejected by the inc. therapies and
aware of decision to act court behavioural interventions
BUT maybe just took time to e.g. for SZ
reach consciousness from
unconscious d-m
The nature- Strength Limitation Strength Strength Limitation
nurture Adoption studies Limitations of adoption RS for epigenetics RWA Implications of the debate
debate If adopted children more studies 1944: Nazis blocked OCD heritable Nativists: genetic almost
similar to adoptive parents = Nature and nurture can’t be distribution of food to Nedstadt et al.: 0.76 entirely
environment more separated Dutch, 22,000 died of heritability Determinism – controversy,
imp./more similar to Plomin: people select env.s starvation in Dutch Hunger Genetic counselling – not linking ethnicity, genetics,
biological = genetic more appropriate for their nature, Winter inevitable, info. About intelligence --> eugenics
Rhee and Waldman m-a: create own nurture Susser and Lin: women likelihood + how to prevent Empiricists – behaviour can
genetic influences Naturally aggressive child pregnant during famine had e.g. stress management be changed by altering env.
accounted for around 41% more comfortable with low birth weight babies Conditions
aggression similar, choose as friends Babies 2x as lively to have SZ Therapy: behaviours
Gender and Limitation Strength Limitation Limitation Strength
culture in Actually social differences Increasing value of women Sexism in research Not publishing challenging Reflexivity
psychology: Maccoby and Jacklin: Positive attributes of women Gender bias --> sexism research Recognise effect of own
Gender bias studies show girls superior Ingalhalikar et al.: females Women underrepresented Research challenging gender values and assumptions
verbally and boys spatially, have better connected in uni depts, psychology biases not published Dambrin and Lambert
‘hardwired’ before birth, hemispheres, better at undergrads mostly female Formanowicz et al.: over (women) studied lack of
fact, widely reported multitasking but lecturers and 1000 articles on gender bias women in executive
Joel et al.: brain scanning, Harasty: women have larger researchers more likely male published over 8 years positions in accountancy
no such diffs. Broca’s Female ppts in inequitable Research on gender bias firms, included reflection on
M&J fits stereotypes – girls Cornwell: females better at rel.s w males, female funded less often, published how own experiences
speakers, boys doers learning – more attentive concerns not reflected in by less prestigious journals, influenced them
and organised research qs fewer scholars aware of
Have differences, overcome Males expect females to be it/applied it
sexism and gender bias but irrational, unable to Still true when gender bias
emphasising importance of complete complex tasks – compared to other kinds e.g.
women negatively label, ethnic + when other factors
expectations --> controlled e.g. methodology,
underperform author’s gender
Gender and Limitation Strength Strength Limitation Limitation
culture in Problem in classic studies Less difference Cultural psychology Ethnic stereotyping Operationalising variables
psychology: Esp. social influence Media globalisation Psych community Led to prejudice Hard to operationalise if
culture bias research, many studies Individualist-collectivist no worldwide, aware of diff.s, Gould: first intelligence tests studying a culture different
culturally biased longer applies international conferences of --> eugenics in US from their own
Asch and Milgram: US ppts, Takano and Osaka: 14/15 academics During WWII, IQ tests used e.g. aggression in tribal
mostly white, middle class studies US vs Japan no DSM had list of culture- on 1.75 million army recruits setting vs Western, in China
students evidence of specific behaviours Many items on test invasion of personal space
Replications abroad had diff. individualism/collectivism Clinicians – validity and ethnocentric e.g. US normal but
results Lazy and simplistic reliability of diagnosis president names abnormal/threatening in US
Asch replications in Cohen: cultural psychology – Recruits from SE Europe and Have indigenous researcher
collectivist --> more how shape and are shaped African-Americans did worst behavioural categories
conformity by cultural experience, w --> racist discourse about
Smith and Bond – European anthropology, sociology and genetic inferiority of cultural
textbook on Social political science and ethnic groups
Psychology, 66% studies Try to take emic approach Unfit and feeble-minded, no
, American, 32% European, with indigenous research + education/profession
2% from rest of world culturally-based techniques
Sears – 82% studies used Cross-cultural research on 2
undergrads as ppts + 51% cultures, not 8+
psych students
Random US student 4000x
more likely to be ppt than
random non-Westerner
Free will and Strength Strength Limitation Strength Limitation
determinism Practical value Brain scan evidence The law Determinism is scientific Free will more appealing
Common sense: free will on Libet et al.: told ppts to flick Hard determinist: not down Determinism makes Intuitive appeal
the daily their wrist at random to individual choice psychology a science Making own choices, not
Thinking we do = better moment while measuring Offenders held responsible, Human behaviour forces outside our control
mental health brain activity exercised mens rea in predictable and orderly – Not accepting fate e.g. if
Internal LOC – more Say when felt conscious will committing the crime studied scientifically w they have a criminal
mentally healthy to move 1994: Stephen Mobely – experiments background/family mental
Roberts et al.: fatalistic Unconscious brain activity ‘born to kill’ after killing Behaviourism + cognitivism health history
adolescents, more likely to around ½ sec before ppt pizza shop manager, family – more credibility than
develop depression, those consciously decided had disposition towards humanism
with external LOC less likely Other studies: activity in PFC violence and aggression, Hard determinism --> RWAs
to be optimistic up to 10s before person argument rejected by the inc. therapies and
aware of decision to act court behavioural interventions
BUT maybe just took time to e.g. for SZ
reach consciousness from
unconscious d-m
The nature- Strength Limitation Strength Strength Limitation
nurture Adoption studies Limitations of adoption RS for epigenetics RWA Implications of the debate
debate If adopted children more studies 1944: Nazis blocked OCD heritable Nativists: genetic almost
similar to adoptive parents = Nature and nurture can’t be distribution of food to Nedstadt et al.: 0.76 entirely
environment more separated Dutch, 22,000 died of heritability Determinism – controversy,
imp./more similar to Plomin: people select env.s starvation in Dutch Hunger Genetic counselling – not linking ethnicity, genetics,
biological = genetic more appropriate for their nature, Winter inevitable, info. About intelligence --> eugenics
Rhee and Waldman m-a: create own nurture Susser and Lin: women likelihood + how to prevent Empiricists – behaviour can
genetic influences Naturally aggressive child pregnant during famine had e.g. stress management be changed by altering env.
accounted for around 41% more comfortable with low birth weight babies Conditions
aggression similar, choose as friends Babies 2x as lively to have SZ Therapy: behaviours
