NR 507 Endocrine System
Adrenal cortex effects - correct answer-Maintenance of gland size
Depletion of ascorbic acid
Activation of adenylyl cyclase
Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
Maintenance of enzymes active in converting pregnenolone to other steroids
Accumulation of cholesterol for steroid hormone synthesis
Secretion of cortisol and adrenal androgens
Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. - correct
answer-This statement is true.
alpha cells - correct answer-responsible for secreting glucagon
An individual who presents with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) will have a blood glucose level
of >250 mg/dL. - correct answer-This statement is true.
beta cells - correct answer-responsible for secreting insulin and amylin
inhibits glucagon secretion
Categories of Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes) - correct answer-1. FPG 100 to 125
mg/dL
2. 2-hr PG in the range of 140 to 199 mg/dL during an OGTT
3. HbA1c 5.7% to 6.4%
Chromaffin cells are the site of production for epinephrine and norepinephrine. - correct
answer-This statement is true.
Chvostek sign is elicited by tapping the cheek that will result in twitching of the upper lip -
correct answer-True. associated with hypocalcemia
Clinical manifestations of DKA - correct answer-Kussmaul respirations: the individual
hyperventilates to compensate for the metabolic acidosis
Postural dizziness
Central nervous system depression
Ketonuria
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting
Abdominal pain
Acetone breath
Dehydration
Thirst
Polyuria
Hyperglycemia causes an osmotic diuresis that leads to polyuria along with dehydration.
Large amounts of glucose are lost in the urine because the blood glucose is higher than the
renal threshold.
, Electrolyte abnormalities also occur:
Hyponatremia
Hypophosphatemia
Hypomagnesemia
The most significant electrolyte disturbance is hypokalemia. The potassium drops because
of a shift out of the cell and into the blood caused by the metabolic acidosis. The blood
potassium level, though may appear normal
Clinical manifestations of HHNKS - correct answer-Patients with HHNKS will have an
extremely high glucose level. As a result, there will be glycosuria and polyuria. Because of
the amount of glycosuria, the patient is at risk for developing severe volume depletion,
increased serum osmolarity, intracellular dehydration and loss of potassium and other
electrolytes. Neurological symptoms (stupor and coma) may appear as well and worsen with
the degree of hyperosmolarity.
Co-morbidities of Cushing's syndrome - correct answer-include diabetes, osteoporosis,
psychiatric disorders, muscle weakness, hypokalemia, infections.
Cortisol secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary - correct
answer-true
Criteria to diagnose Diabetes Type 1 and 2 - correct answer-FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L).
Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h*
OR
2-h PG ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT. The test should be performed as described
by the WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose
dissolved in water*
OR
A1C ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). The test should be performed in a laboratory using a method that
is NGSP certified and standardized to the DCCT assay*
OR
In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random
plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
*In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, diagnosis requires two abnormal test results
from the same sample or in two separate test samples
Decreased circulating PTH results in decreased serum calcium levels and decreased serum
phosphate levels. - correct answer-FALSE- Serum phosphate levels increase.
delta cells - correct answer-responsible for secreting gastrin and somatostatin
Diagnosis of HHNKS - correct answer-The diagnostic features of HHNKS include:
Elevated serum glucose (>600 mg/dL)
Near normal serum bicarbonate level and pH
Serum osmolarity > 320 mOsm/L
Absent or low ketone levels in the urine and serum
Adrenal cortex effects - correct answer-Maintenance of gland size
Depletion of ascorbic acid
Activation of adenylyl cyclase
Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
Maintenance of enzymes active in converting pregnenolone to other steroids
Accumulation of cholesterol for steroid hormone synthesis
Secretion of cortisol and adrenal androgens
Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. - correct
answer-This statement is true.
alpha cells - correct answer-responsible for secreting glucagon
An individual who presents with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) will have a blood glucose level
of >250 mg/dL. - correct answer-This statement is true.
beta cells - correct answer-responsible for secreting insulin and amylin
inhibits glucagon secretion
Categories of Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes) - correct answer-1. FPG 100 to 125
mg/dL
2. 2-hr PG in the range of 140 to 199 mg/dL during an OGTT
3. HbA1c 5.7% to 6.4%
Chromaffin cells are the site of production for epinephrine and norepinephrine. - correct
answer-This statement is true.
Chvostek sign is elicited by tapping the cheek that will result in twitching of the upper lip -
correct answer-True. associated with hypocalcemia
Clinical manifestations of DKA - correct answer-Kussmaul respirations: the individual
hyperventilates to compensate for the metabolic acidosis
Postural dizziness
Central nervous system depression
Ketonuria
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting
Abdominal pain
Acetone breath
Dehydration
Thirst
Polyuria
Hyperglycemia causes an osmotic diuresis that leads to polyuria along with dehydration.
Large amounts of glucose are lost in the urine because the blood glucose is higher than the
renal threshold.
, Electrolyte abnormalities also occur:
Hyponatremia
Hypophosphatemia
Hypomagnesemia
The most significant electrolyte disturbance is hypokalemia. The potassium drops because
of a shift out of the cell and into the blood caused by the metabolic acidosis. The blood
potassium level, though may appear normal
Clinical manifestations of HHNKS - correct answer-Patients with HHNKS will have an
extremely high glucose level. As a result, there will be glycosuria and polyuria. Because of
the amount of glycosuria, the patient is at risk for developing severe volume depletion,
increased serum osmolarity, intracellular dehydration and loss of potassium and other
electrolytes. Neurological symptoms (stupor and coma) may appear as well and worsen with
the degree of hyperosmolarity.
Co-morbidities of Cushing's syndrome - correct answer-include diabetes, osteoporosis,
psychiatric disorders, muscle weakness, hypokalemia, infections.
Cortisol secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary - correct
answer-true
Criteria to diagnose Diabetes Type 1 and 2 - correct answer-FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L).
Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h*
OR
2-h PG ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT. The test should be performed as described
by the WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose
dissolved in water*
OR
A1C ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). The test should be performed in a laboratory using a method that
is NGSP certified and standardized to the DCCT assay*
OR
In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random
plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
*In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, diagnosis requires two abnormal test results
from the same sample or in two separate test samples
Decreased circulating PTH results in decreased serum calcium levels and decreased serum
phosphate levels. - correct answer-FALSE- Serum phosphate levels increase.
delta cells - correct answer-responsible for secreting gastrin and somatostatin
Diagnosis of HHNKS - correct answer-The diagnostic features of HHNKS include:
Elevated serum glucose (>600 mg/dL)
Near normal serum bicarbonate level and pH
Serum osmolarity > 320 mOsm/L
Absent or low ketone levels in the urine and serum
