NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology
MidTerm
Acute Blood Loss Anemia - correct answer-Trauma victims who are losing blood, GI bleed
(Acute)
Afterload - correct answer-The force, or load, which the heart must contract against in order
to pump blood.
Afterload is also known as systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
Alloimmunity - correct answer-General term used to describe when an individual's immune
system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species.
Examples: Neonatal disease where the maternal immune system becomes sensitized
against antigens expressed by the fetus, Transplant rejection, Transfusion reaction
Aortic Regurgitation - correct answer-Blood is coming back from the Aorta into the L.
Ventricle through the Aortic Valve
Causes
Widening or aneurysmal change of the aortic annulus (ring of fibrous tissue surrounding the
aorta)
Endocarditis
Rheumatic Fever
Signs & Symptoms
Fatigue
Syncope
SOB
Palpitations
Widened Pulse Pressure
L. Ventricular Dilation
Early diastolic murmur along left sternal border
**Shortness of breath that progressively worsens
High pitched early diastolic murmur heard loudest at left lower sternal border
Diastolic rumbling sound at the heart's apex
Systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur heard at the left upper sternal border
A chest x-ray may show signs of pulmonary edema and cardiomegaly**
Aortic Stenosis - correct answer-Blood backed up into left ventricle causing perfusion
problems for the rest of the body
Causes:
, Bicuspid aortic valve- congenital condition (only two cusps to the aortic valve which usually
has three cusps)- the two cusps get damaged quicker because they are doing the work of
three
Age related calcification- obstruction/ stenosis
Smoking, High BP, Hypertension, Hyperlipid, Diabetes
Rheumatic Fever
Signs & Symptoms = SAD
S: Syncope
A: Angina
D: Dyspnea
**Fainting
Chest pressure upon exercising
Sustained, laterally displaced apical pulse
Mid-systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur heard loudest at base and radiating to the neck
S4 gallop present**
Aplastic Anemia - correct answer-Diagnosis made by blood tests and bone marrow biopsy.
AA is suspected if levels of circulating erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets diminished:
-Granulocyte count less than 500/ uL
-Platelet count less than 20,000/ uL
-Absolute reticulocyte count less than or equal to 40 x 109/ L
Asthma - correct answer-Airways constricted
Intrinsic: triggered by something internal such as anxiety
Extrinsic: triggered by something in outside environment- something in the air (dust mites/pet
dander)
In mildest form of asthma (intermittent), short acting beta2-agonist inhalers are prescribed
Mild-persistent asthma will have night symptoms 3-4 days a month
Autoimmunity - correct answer-Autoimmune disease can be familial, Affected family
members may not all develop the same disease, but several members may have different
disorders characterized by a variety of hypersensitivity reactions, These include autoimmune
and allergic reactions
Associations with particular autoimmune diseases have been identified for a variety of major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles or non-MHC genes
Cardiac Output (CO) - correct answer-The amount of blood that the heart pumps in 1 minute.
CO is also known as cardiac contractility.
CO=heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV).
MidTerm
Acute Blood Loss Anemia - correct answer-Trauma victims who are losing blood, GI bleed
(Acute)
Afterload - correct answer-The force, or load, which the heart must contract against in order
to pump blood.
Afterload is also known as systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
Alloimmunity - correct answer-General term used to describe when an individual's immune
system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species.
Examples: Neonatal disease where the maternal immune system becomes sensitized
against antigens expressed by the fetus, Transplant rejection, Transfusion reaction
Aortic Regurgitation - correct answer-Blood is coming back from the Aorta into the L.
Ventricle through the Aortic Valve
Causes
Widening or aneurysmal change of the aortic annulus (ring of fibrous tissue surrounding the
aorta)
Endocarditis
Rheumatic Fever
Signs & Symptoms
Fatigue
Syncope
SOB
Palpitations
Widened Pulse Pressure
L. Ventricular Dilation
Early diastolic murmur along left sternal border
**Shortness of breath that progressively worsens
High pitched early diastolic murmur heard loudest at left lower sternal border
Diastolic rumbling sound at the heart's apex
Systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur heard at the left upper sternal border
A chest x-ray may show signs of pulmonary edema and cardiomegaly**
Aortic Stenosis - correct answer-Blood backed up into left ventricle causing perfusion
problems for the rest of the body
Causes:
, Bicuspid aortic valve- congenital condition (only two cusps to the aortic valve which usually
has three cusps)- the two cusps get damaged quicker because they are doing the work of
three
Age related calcification- obstruction/ stenosis
Smoking, High BP, Hypertension, Hyperlipid, Diabetes
Rheumatic Fever
Signs & Symptoms = SAD
S: Syncope
A: Angina
D: Dyspnea
**Fainting
Chest pressure upon exercising
Sustained, laterally displaced apical pulse
Mid-systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur heard loudest at base and radiating to the neck
S4 gallop present**
Aplastic Anemia - correct answer-Diagnosis made by blood tests and bone marrow biopsy.
AA is suspected if levels of circulating erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets diminished:
-Granulocyte count less than 500/ uL
-Platelet count less than 20,000/ uL
-Absolute reticulocyte count less than or equal to 40 x 109/ L
Asthma - correct answer-Airways constricted
Intrinsic: triggered by something internal such as anxiety
Extrinsic: triggered by something in outside environment- something in the air (dust mites/pet
dander)
In mildest form of asthma (intermittent), short acting beta2-agonist inhalers are prescribed
Mild-persistent asthma will have night symptoms 3-4 days a month
Autoimmunity - correct answer-Autoimmune disease can be familial, Affected family
members may not all develop the same disease, but several members may have different
disorders characterized by a variety of hypersensitivity reactions, These include autoimmune
and allergic reactions
Associations with particular autoimmune diseases have been identified for a variety of major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles or non-MHC genes
Cardiac Output (CO) - correct answer-The amount of blood that the heart pumps in 1 minute.
CO is also known as cardiac contractility.
CO=heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV).
