NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final
Exam
Actions of Insulin - correct answer-Insulin promotes glucose uptake mostly in the liver,
muscle and adipose tissue
Acute Pyelonephritis - correct answer-Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult;
can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Acute renal failure - correct answer-Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
Adrenal Crisis- Hypocortisolism - correct answer-Onset of adrenal crisis is signified by
hypotension
Hypotension can progress to complete vascular collapse and shock. This is known as
adrenal crisis or addisonian crisis and develops with undiagnosed disease, acute withdrawal
of glucocorticoid therapy or the occurrence of infection or other comorbid stressful events
Alzheimer's Disease - correct answer-Decreased short-term memory occurs with mild
cognitive decline as a result of a reduced hippocampus size
Autonomic Neuropathy-Complication of Diabetes - correct answer-Autonomic Neuropathy
includes:
GI Symptoms:
--Decreased esophageal motility
--Gastroparesis
--Delayed gastric emptying
Bacterial Meningitis - correct answer-Associated with compression of Cranial nerve V and
results in severe and sharp stabbing pain that can worsen with chewing
Bell's Palsy - correct answer-Associated with Cranial Nerve VII paralysis and results in facial
asymmetry and inability to close eye, smile or frown on the affected side
Cerebrovascular Accident - correct answer-Review s/s depending on the artery infarcted
, Example: infarct in the ACA will result in motor: contralateral paralysis or paresis (greater in
foot and thigh)
Sensory deficits associated with basilar artery infarct include contralateral loss of vibratory
sense, sense of position with dysmetria, loss of two-point discrimination, impaired rapid
alternating movements
Chronic Renal Failure - correct answer-Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss
of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus
(most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Cluster Headache - correct answer-Unilateral trigeminal distribution of severe pain with
ipsilateral autonomic manifestations, including tearing on the affected side, ptosis of the
ipsilateral eye and congestion of the nasal mucosa
Occurs in one side of the head primarily in men between 20 to 50 years of age
Pain may alternate sides with each headache episode
Severe, stabbing and throbbing
Pain often referred to the midface and teeth
Complications of Decreased GFR - correct answer-Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes - correct answer-According to American Diabetes
Association is: Hemoglobin A1C greater than or equal to 6.5%
Duodenal Ulcer - correct answer-Characteristic manifestation = chronic intermittent pain in
epigastric area
Pain begins 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating when stomach is empty
Not unusual for pain to occur in middle of the night and disappear by morning
Exam
Actions of Insulin - correct answer-Insulin promotes glucose uptake mostly in the liver,
muscle and adipose tissue
Acute Pyelonephritis - correct answer-Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult;
can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Acute renal failure - correct answer-Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
Adrenal Crisis- Hypocortisolism - correct answer-Onset of adrenal crisis is signified by
hypotension
Hypotension can progress to complete vascular collapse and shock. This is known as
adrenal crisis or addisonian crisis and develops with undiagnosed disease, acute withdrawal
of glucocorticoid therapy or the occurrence of infection or other comorbid stressful events
Alzheimer's Disease - correct answer-Decreased short-term memory occurs with mild
cognitive decline as a result of a reduced hippocampus size
Autonomic Neuropathy-Complication of Diabetes - correct answer-Autonomic Neuropathy
includes:
GI Symptoms:
--Decreased esophageal motility
--Gastroparesis
--Delayed gastric emptying
Bacterial Meningitis - correct answer-Associated with compression of Cranial nerve V and
results in severe and sharp stabbing pain that can worsen with chewing
Bell's Palsy - correct answer-Associated with Cranial Nerve VII paralysis and results in facial
asymmetry and inability to close eye, smile or frown on the affected side
Cerebrovascular Accident - correct answer-Review s/s depending on the artery infarcted
, Example: infarct in the ACA will result in motor: contralateral paralysis or paresis (greater in
foot and thigh)
Sensory deficits associated with basilar artery infarct include contralateral loss of vibratory
sense, sense of position with dysmetria, loss of two-point discrimination, impaired rapid
alternating movements
Chronic Renal Failure - correct answer-Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss
of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus
(most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Cluster Headache - correct answer-Unilateral trigeminal distribution of severe pain with
ipsilateral autonomic manifestations, including tearing on the affected side, ptosis of the
ipsilateral eye and congestion of the nasal mucosa
Occurs in one side of the head primarily in men between 20 to 50 years of age
Pain may alternate sides with each headache episode
Severe, stabbing and throbbing
Pain often referred to the midface and teeth
Complications of Decreased GFR - correct answer-Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes - correct answer-According to American Diabetes
Association is: Hemoglobin A1C greater than or equal to 6.5%
Duodenal Ulcer - correct answer-Characteristic manifestation = chronic intermittent pain in
epigastric area
Pain begins 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating when stomach is empty
Not unusual for pain to occur in middle of the night and disappear by morning
