RESEARCH METHODS EXAM #18 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
The application of moral principles to help guide one's decisions and behavior. - correct
answer ethics
The perspective that ethical decisions should be based on helping without personal
benefit. - correct answer altruistic perspective
The perspective that ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest good for
the greatest number of people - correct answer utilitarian perspective
The perspective that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with
one's own self-interest. - correct answer egoism
An ethical principle of research in which a researcher weighs all the potential and known
benefits against all the potential and known risks before conducting a study. - correct
answer cost-benefit analysis
Do no harm; an ethical obligation to mitigate or eliminate risks to study participants. -
correct answer nonmaleficence
Actively promoting the welfare of others; an ethical obligation to maximize benefits in
research studies. - correct answer beneficence
A guarantee in research studies that individual responses cannot be linked back to
individual participants. - correct answer anonymity
A failure to protect the privacy of individuals, a potential risk to participants. - correct
answer loss of confidentiality
A physical toll that study participation may have; a potential risk to participants. - correct
answer physical harm
A psychological toll that study participation may have such as stress, negative
emotions, or loss of self-esteem; a potential risk to participants. - correct answer
psychological harm
Considering the potential beneficial application of study findings when doing a cost-
benefit analysis. - correct answer cost of not doing the research
Fairness in selecting study participants and in determining which participants receive
the benefits of participation and which bear the burden of risk - correct answer justice
Freely making an informed decision about participation in research - correct answer
autonomy
,An accomplice of the experimenter. - correct answer confederate
An active affirmation of a desire to participate from a person who does not have the
ability to consent themselves; consent must also be sought from the legal guardian -
correct answer assent
Intentionally misleading participants in some fashion - correct answer deception
A board that reviews the ethical merit of all the human research conducted at an
institution - correct answer instituitonal review board (IRB)
A board that reviews the ethical merit and research procedures for all animal research
conducted within an institution and ensures research animals have proper living
conditions. - correct answer institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)
A commitment to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical principles in scientific
research. - correct answer scientific integrity
A bias in the scientific community to only publish findings that confirm a researcher's
hypothesis. - correct answer file drawer problem
Representing others' work or ideas as our own, or without giving proper credit. - correct
answer plagiarism
Summarizing others' ideas in our own words while providing a proper citation - correct
answer paraphrase
A mental shortcut strategy for judging the likelihood of an event or situation occurring
based on how easily we can think of similar or relevant instances. - correct answer
availability heuristic
A mental shortcut strategy for determining the likelihood of an event by how much it
resembles what we consider to be a "typical" example of that event. - correct answer
representative heuristic
The tendency to overestimate our skills, abilities, and performance when comparing
ourselves to others - correct answer better-than-average effect
The tendency to be overly confident in the correctness of our own judgments. - correct
answer overconfidence phenomenon
A sense that we "knew it all along" after we learn the actual outcome. - correct answer
hindsight bias
A bias in which we only look for evidence that confirms what we already believe,
thereby strengthening the original belief. - correct answer confirmation bias
, A bias in which we emphasize some pieces of information while undervaluing other
pieces. - correct answer focusing effect
Reflecting on our own thoughts and experiences to find relevant evidence - correct
answer introspection
A failure to see the limitations of our immediate experience, making it difficult to predict
alternative outcomes - correct answer "what you see is all there is" phenomenon
When an introspective analysis regarding a positive experience results in it becoming
less enjoyable. - correct answer pleasure paradox
Maintaining a belief despite encountering contradictory factual information; often
accomplished by interpreting information in a way that does not invalidate the original
belief. - correct answer belief perserverence
Extreme outcomes are more likely when considering a small number of cases - correct
answer law of small numbers
A case or instance that is distinct from the majority of other cases; an oddball. - correct
answer outlier
A systematic approach for addressing questions of interest - correct answer scientific
method
Gaining knowledge with the use of systematic observation, experience, or measurement
- correct answer empirical research
Gaining knowledge with the use of nonsystematic methods such as the examination of
personal experiences and opinions - correct answer nonempirical research
Recreating another person's study to see if the findings are the same. - correct answer
replication
Research dedicated to expanding the existing knowledge on a topic - correct answer
basic research
Claims or beliefs that are misrepresented as being derived from the use of the scientific
method - correct answer pseudoscience
Research dedicated to solving a problem and helping people by improving their quality
of life - correct answer applied research
The process of actively evaluating, applying, analyzing, and synthesizing information. -
correct answer critical thinking skills
The application of moral principles to help guide one's decisions and behavior. - correct
answer ethics
The perspective that ethical decisions should be based on helping without personal
benefit. - correct answer altruistic perspective
The perspective that ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest good for
the greatest number of people - correct answer utilitarian perspective
The perspective that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with
one's own self-interest. - correct answer egoism
An ethical principle of research in which a researcher weighs all the potential and known
benefits against all the potential and known risks before conducting a study. - correct
answer cost-benefit analysis
Do no harm; an ethical obligation to mitigate or eliminate risks to study participants. -
correct answer nonmaleficence
Actively promoting the welfare of others; an ethical obligation to maximize benefits in
research studies. - correct answer beneficence
A guarantee in research studies that individual responses cannot be linked back to
individual participants. - correct answer anonymity
A failure to protect the privacy of individuals, a potential risk to participants. - correct
answer loss of confidentiality
A physical toll that study participation may have; a potential risk to participants. - correct
answer physical harm
A psychological toll that study participation may have such as stress, negative
emotions, or loss of self-esteem; a potential risk to participants. - correct answer
psychological harm
Considering the potential beneficial application of study findings when doing a cost-
benefit analysis. - correct answer cost of not doing the research
Fairness in selecting study participants and in determining which participants receive
the benefits of participation and which bear the burden of risk - correct answer justice
Freely making an informed decision about participation in research - correct answer
autonomy
,An accomplice of the experimenter. - correct answer confederate
An active affirmation of a desire to participate from a person who does not have the
ability to consent themselves; consent must also be sought from the legal guardian -
correct answer assent
Intentionally misleading participants in some fashion - correct answer deception
A board that reviews the ethical merit of all the human research conducted at an
institution - correct answer instituitonal review board (IRB)
A board that reviews the ethical merit and research procedures for all animal research
conducted within an institution and ensures research animals have proper living
conditions. - correct answer institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)
A commitment to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical principles in scientific
research. - correct answer scientific integrity
A bias in the scientific community to only publish findings that confirm a researcher's
hypothesis. - correct answer file drawer problem
Representing others' work or ideas as our own, or without giving proper credit. - correct
answer plagiarism
Summarizing others' ideas in our own words while providing a proper citation - correct
answer paraphrase
A mental shortcut strategy for judging the likelihood of an event or situation occurring
based on how easily we can think of similar or relevant instances. - correct answer
availability heuristic
A mental shortcut strategy for determining the likelihood of an event by how much it
resembles what we consider to be a "typical" example of that event. - correct answer
representative heuristic
The tendency to overestimate our skills, abilities, and performance when comparing
ourselves to others - correct answer better-than-average effect
The tendency to be overly confident in the correctness of our own judgments. - correct
answer overconfidence phenomenon
A sense that we "knew it all along" after we learn the actual outcome. - correct answer
hindsight bias
A bias in which we only look for evidence that confirms what we already believe,
thereby strengthening the original belief. - correct answer confirmation bias
, A bias in which we emphasize some pieces of information while undervaluing other
pieces. - correct answer focusing effect
Reflecting on our own thoughts and experiences to find relevant evidence - correct
answer introspection
A failure to see the limitations of our immediate experience, making it difficult to predict
alternative outcomes - correct answer "what you see is all there is" phenomenon
When an introspective analysis regarding a positive experience results in it becoming
less enjoyable. - correct answer pleasure paradox
Maintaining a belief despite encountering contradictory factual information; often
accomplished by interpreting information in a way that does not invalidate the original
belief. - correct answer belief perserverence
Extreme outcomes are more likely when considering a small number of cases - correct
answer law of small numbers
A case or instance that is distinct from the majority of other cases; an oddball. - correct
answer outlier
A systematic approach for addressing questions of interest - correct answer scientific
method
Gaining knowledge with the use of systematic observation, experience, or measurement
- correct answer empirical research
Gaining knowledge with the use of nonsystematic methods such as the examination of
personal experiences and opinions - correct answer nonempirical research
Recreating another person's study to see if the findings are the same. - correct answer
replication
Research dedicated to expanding the existing knowledge on a topic - correct answer
basic research
Claims or beliefs that are misrepresented as being derived from the use of the scientific
method - correct answer pseudoscience
Research dedicated to solving a problem and helping people by improving their quality
of life - correct answer applied research
The process of actively evaluating, applying, analyzing, and synthesizing information. -
correct answer critical thinking skills
