CLTM Study
BAEP / R - CORRECT ANSWER-Brainstem auditory evoked potential / response
-Diagnosis for cerbellopontine angle tumors, mutliple sclerosis, brainstem
lesions, metabolic and toxic encephalopathies,brain death, and early prediction
of outcome in postraumatic coma,
Kindling - CORRECT ANSWER-Development of epileptic seizures (in rats) that
results from repeated focal stimulation and leads to the development of a
predisposition to epileptiform convulsions. Similar to a log will not burn unless it's
kindled.
Mirror Focus Phenomenon - CORRECT ANSWER-Concept that an actively
discharging epileptiform region may induce paroxymal behavior in a homologous
site. Related to the kindling phenomena that occur through interhemispheric
callosal or commissural connections. It means that secondary epileptogenic foci
develop in the contralateral hemispheric by the corpus collusum
Aura - CORRECT ANSWER-Initial sensation(s) of a seizure that the patient is
aware of in the absence of observable signs. Provides localizing information in
some cases. Precedes temporal lobe seizures in many cases
The Principle of Beneficence - CORRECT ANSWER-An ethical principle that
addresses the idea that a medical professional's actions should promote good by
having the welfare of the patient as a goal of any treatment. Actions should weigh
possible benefits to risks and prevent and remove harm in any situation and
should advocate for high standards for the greater good.
QEEG - CORRECT ANSWER-Type of EEG that allows visualization of up to
several hours of EEG data in a single screen display. Commonly referred to as a
trend analysis. This type of EEG trending for seizure detection is based on
amplitude, frequency, rhythmicity and degree of asymmetry.
Coup - CORRECT ANSWER-Closed head injury / whiplash. The injury is when
brain are damage is on the same side as the external force of the injury
,Contra Coup - CORRECT ANSWER-Brain injury is contralateral to the external
force of injury. The brain moves away from the external object along with the
head, but the brain eventually impacts the side of the skull, causing damage
A deficit in one visual field indicates a lesion in the: - CORRECT
ANSWER-Contralateral occipital lobe (or optic pathway posterior to the optic
chiasm
According to guideline 12, the clinical indications for ambulatory continuous EEG
recordings - CORRECT ANSWER-Appropriate for documentation and
quantification of ictal (clinical and subclinical) and interictal EEG features and
assessment of their relationship to reported behavior. It is also applicable in an
inpatient setting, particularly when characterization of EEG features as is
required in presurgical evaluation
Loss of pupillary reflexes indicates: - CORRECT ANSWER-Loss of brainstem
fuction
Occulocephalic reflex testing: In a comatose patient, when the head is rotated to
the side and the eyes do not follow the head movement, but lag or remain as if
fixed on an object. This indicates: - CORRECT ANSWER-The reflex is positive,
brainstem function is present
Oculocephalic reflex testing: In a comatose patient, when the head is rotated to
the side and the eyes stay in the same position relative to the head as they would
in a conscious patient. This indicates: - CORRECT ANSWER-The reflex is
absent, brainstem function is impaired
Cold caloric testing: Cold water squirted into the ear canal produces a beating
nystagmus toward the stimulated ear. This indicates: - CORRECT ANSWER-The
reflex is positive, brainstem function (pons, medulla) is present
Cold caloric testing: Cold water squirted into the ear canal produces no eye
movement. This indicates: - CORRECT ANSWER-The reflex is absent,
brainstem function (pon, medulla) is impaired
,The babinski sign or plantar response consists of: - CORRECT
ANSWER-Upgoing big toe and/or fanning of all toes when the sole of the foot is
stroked with a blunt object from heel towards toes
To be considered oriented x3, what questions does the patient need to be able to
answer - CORRECT ANSWER-Who they are, where they are, and the current
date
4 aspects of the neurological exam that help to determine brain death: -
CORRECT ANSWER-1. Pupillary reflexes (fixed and dilated), 2. Cold caloric
testing (Absent) 3. Oculocephalic reflexes (absent) 4. Response to painful stimuli
(absent, not counting spinal reflexes)
In decerebrate posturing, the arms will: - CORRECT ANSWER-Stiffen and
extend at the patient's side, wrists will flex
In decorticate posturing, the arms will - CORRECT ANSWER-flex over the chest
and rotate inward
Stereognosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Ability to recognize objects by touch
Graphesthesia - CORRECT ANSWER-Ability to recognize numbers and letters
written on skin by the sensation of touch
AED treatment options for absence seizures - CORRECT ANSWER-First line:
Ethosuximide (Brand name: Zarontin), Methsuxmide (brand name: Celontin)
First line AED treatment option for infantile spasms: - CORRECT
ANSWER-ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
First line AED treatment options for partial seizures - CORRECT ANSWER-First
line: 1. Carbamezipine (Brand name: Carbatrol/Epitol/Equetro) 2. Gabapentin
(Brand name:Neurontin, Gralise) 3. Lacosamide (Brand name: Vimpat)
First line AED treatment option for generalized tonic-clonic seizures are: -
CORRECT ANSWER-Carbamezipine (Brand: Epitol, Tegretol), Ehtotoin (Brand:
Peganone), Phenytoin (Brand:Dilantin), Primidone (Brand: Mysoline)
, Types of seizures is the AED, Clobazam (Brand name: Onfi), used to treat: -
CORRECT ANSWER-Phenobarbital
Types of seizures the AED, Clobazam (Brand name: Onfi), used to treat: -
CORRECT ANSWER-Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
One of the first and oldest seizure drugs, still used in the treatment of epilepsy,
and is a long-acting sedative drug with anticonvulsant action - CORRECT
ANSWER-Phenobarbital
Type of seizure the AED, Oxcarbazepine (Brand names: Trileptal, Oxtellar XR),
used to treat: - CORRECT ANSWER-AED types for Focal (Partia) seizures
First line AED treatment option for Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: - CORRECT
ANSWER-Valproic Acid
AED used for treating seizures that occur in the temporal lobe - CORRECT
ANSWER-Carbamezipine (Brand names: Carbatrol/Tegretol/Epitol/Equestro)
Indications for Corpus Callosotomy - CORRECT ANSWER-Refractory
generalized seizures (tonic, clonic, atonic), resistance to AED therapy, and
cognitive decline. Infantile hemiplegia and frontal lobe epilepsy, Rasmussen
syndrome. Primary indications have been drop attacks (tonic, atonic) and in
treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
EEG changes associated with normal aging - CORRECT ANSWER-Slowing of
dominant rhythm, increase in temporal slowing, bursts of generalized rhythmic
delta activity during drowsiness, diffuse lower voltage
The amplitude of the PDR generally decreases with age due to:
A. Net balance of voltage shift = 0; as the frontal region of cortex increases in
voltage with age, the posterior region decreases in voltage
B. Increase attenuation due to an alteration in factors between the brain and
scalp, such as bone density and electrical impedance
C. The PDR amplitude does not generally decrease with age.
BAEP / R - CORRECT ANSWER-Brainstem auditory evoked potential / response
-Diagnosis for cerbellopontine angle tumors, mutliple sclerosis, brainstem
lesions, metabolic and toxic encephalopathies,brain death, and early prediction
of outcome in postraumatic coma,
Kindling - CORRECT ANSWER-Development of epileptic seizures (in rats) that
results from repeated focal stimulation and leads to the development of a
predisposition to epileptiform convulsions. Similar to a log will not burn unless it's
kindled.
Mirror Focus Phenomenon - CORRECT ANSWER-Concept that an actively
discharging epileptiform region may induce paroxymal behavior in a homologous
site. Related to the kindling phenomena that occur through interhemispheric
callosal or commissural connections. It means that secondary epileptogenic foci
develop in the contralateral hemispheric by the corpus collusum
Aura - CORRECT ANSWER-Initial sensation(s) of a seizure that the patient is
aware of in the absence of observable signs. Provides localizing information in
some cases. Precedes temporal lobe seizures in many cases
The Principle of Beneficence - CORRECT ANSWER-An ethical principle that
addresses the idea that a medical professional's actions should promote good by
having the welfare of the patient as a goal of any treatment. Actions should weigh
possible benefits to risks and prevent and remove harm in any situation and
should advocate for high standards for the greater good.
QEEG - CORRECT ANSWER-Type of EEG that allows visualization of up to
several hours of EEG data in a single screen display. Commonly referred to as a
trend analysis. This type of EEG trending for seizure detection is based on
amplitude, frequency, rhythmicity and degree of asymmetry.
Coup - CORRECT ANSWER-Closed head injury / whiplash. The injury is when
brain are damage is on the same side as the external force of the injury
,Contra Coup - CORRECT ANSWER-Brain injury is contralateral to the external
force of injury. The brain moves away from the external object along with the
head, but the brain eventually impacts the side of the skull, causing damage
A deficit in one visual field indicates a lesion in the: - CORRECT
ANSWER-Contralateral occipital lobe (or optic pathway posterior to the optic
chiasm
According to guideline 12, the clinical indications for ambulatory continuous EEG
recordings - CORRECT ANSWER-Appropriate for documentation and
quantification of ictal (clinical and subclinical) and interictal EEG features and
assessment of their relationship to reported behavior. It is also applicable in an
inpatient setting, particularly when characterization of EEG features as is
required in presurgical evaluation
Loss of pupillary reflexes indicates: - CORRECT ANSWER-Loss of brainstem
fuction
Occulocephalic reflex testing: In a comatose patient, when the head is rotated to
the side and the eyes do not follow the head movement, but lag or remain as if
fixed on an object. This indicates: - CORRECT ANSWER-The reflex is positive,
brainstem function is present
Oculocephalic reflex testing: In a comatose patient, when the head is rotated to
the side and the eyes stay in the same position relative to the head as they would
in a conscious patient. This indicates: - CORRECT ANSWER-The reflex is
absent, brainstem function is impaired
Cold caloric testing: Cold water squirted into the ear canal produces a beating
nystagmus toward the stimulated ear. This indicates: - CORRECT ANSWER-The
reflex is positive, brainstem function (pons, medulla) is present
Cold caloric testing: Cold water squirted into the ear canal produces no eye
movement. This indicates: - CORRECT ANSWER-The reflex is absent,
brainstem function (pon, medulla) is impaired
,The babinski sign or plantar response consists of: - CORRECT
ANSWER-Upgoing big toe and/or fanning of all toes when the sole of the foot is
stroked with a blunt object from heel towards toes
To be considered oriented x3, what questions does the patient need to be able to
answer - CORRECT ANSWER-Who they are, where they are, and the current
date
4 aspects of the neurological exam that help to determine brain death: -
CORRECT ANSWER-1. Pupillary reflexes (fixed and dilated), 2. Cold caloric
testing (Absent) 3. Oculocephalic reflexes (absent) 4. Response to painful stimuli
(absent, not counting spinal reflexes)
In decerebrate posturing, the arms will: - CORRECT ANSWER-Stiffen and
extend at the patient's side, wrists will flex
In decorticate posturing, the arms will - CORRECT ANSWER-flex over the chest
and rotate inward
Stereognosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Ability to recognize objects by touch
Graphesthesia - CORRECT ANSWER-Ability to recognize numbers and letters
written on skin by the sensation of touch
AED treatment options for absence seizures - CORRECT ANSWER-First line:
Ethosuximide (Brand name: Zarontin), Methsuxmide (brand name: Celontin)
First line AED treatment option for infantile spasms: - CORRECT
ANSWER-ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
First line AED treatment options for partial seizures - CORRECT ANSWER-First
line: 1. Carbamezipine (Brand name: Carbatrol/Epitol/Equetro) 2. Gabapentin
(Brand name:Neurontin, Gralise) 3. Lacosamide (Brand name: Vimpat)
First line AED treatment option for generalized tonic-clonic seizures are: -
CORRECT ANSWER-Carbamezipine (Brand: Epitol, Tegretol), Ehtotoin (Brand:
Peganone), Phenytoin (Brand:Dilantin), Primidone (Brand: Mysoline)
, Types of seizures is the AED, Clobazam (Brand name: Onfi), used to treat: -
CORRECT ANSWER-Phenobarbital
Types of seizures the AED, Clobazam (Brand name: Onfi), used to treat: -
CORRECT ANSWER-Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
One of the first and oldest seizure drugs, still used in the treatment of epilepsy,
and is a long-acting sedative drug with anticonvulsant action - CORRECT
ANSWER-Phenobarbital
Type of seizure the AED, Oxcarbazepine (Brand names: Trileptal, Oxtellar XR),
used to treat: - CORRECT ANSWER-AED types for Focal (Partia) seizures
First line AED treatment option for Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: - CORRECT
ANSWER-Valproic Acid
AED used for treating seizures that occur in the temporal lobe - CORRECT
ANSWER-Carbamezipine (Brand names: Carbatrol/Tegretol/Epitol/Equestro)
Indications for Corpus Callosotomy - CORRECT ANSWER-Refractory
generalized seizures (tonic, clonic, atonic), resistance to AED therapy, and
cognitive decline. Infantile hemiplegia and frontal lobe epilepsy, Rasmussen
syndrome. Primary indications have been drop attacks (tonic, atonic) and in
treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
EEG changes associated with normal aging - CORRECT ANSWER-Slowing of
dominant rhythm, increase in temporal slowing, bursts of generalized rhythmic
delta activity during drowsiness, diffuse lower voltage
The amplitude of the PDR generally decreases with age due to:
A. Net balance of voltage shift = 0; as the frontal region of cortex increases in
voltage with age, the posterior region decreases in voltage
B. Increase attenuation due to an alteration in factors between the brain and
scalp, such as bone density and electrical impedance
C. The PDR amplitude does not generally decrease with age.
