ASSIGNMNET 11A
• Nucleic Acids:
They are the chemical substances that are found in nature and
contain sugars, pyrimidine and purine mixes, and phosphoric acid. To
determine each person's inherited traits, they do protein synthesis.
organism. They are the fundamental molecules in the cell that carry
information. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
are the two primary subtypes of nucleic acids.
- DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA): DNA is an organic chemical
substance with an extremely complex molecular structure. All
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells as well as different viruses include it.
Prokaryotic cells include tiny DNA loops called plasmids as well as
circular chromosomes that are present in the cytoplasm freely.
whereas the nucleus of eukaryotic cells contains linear
chromosomes, which are made up of DNA. One DNA molecule and a
histone protein linked to that DNA form each chromosome. It carries
the organism's genetic data needed to pass on inherited traits. DNA
is made up of two unequal strands that are twisted around one
another in a double helix form. Each DNA strand is composed of a
lengthy chain of monomers called nucleotides. Four nitrogenous
bases—two pyrimidines, Thymine and Cytosine, and two purines,
Guanine and Adenine—along with four deoxyribose sugar units are
found in DNA nucleotides. The phosphate group of one nucleotide
and the sugar molecule of the following nucleotide form a covalent
bond that holds the nucleotides together and allows the nitrogenous
bases to extend further. The nitrogenous nucleotides in DNA form
hydrogen bonds that hold both strands together. The bases are
bonded in a certain order; cytosine forms only bond with guanine,
and adenine forms only bond with thymine. DNA may be replicated
and used to transcribe related RNA because of its extremely stable
, structure. A gene is a section of DNA that codes to produce a specific
type of protein in a cell. Chromosomes are dense DNA-protein
complexes that are organised into chromosomes in the cell.
Fig 1.DNA
- DNA REPLICATION: DNA replication happens before cell duplication
or division during meiosis and mitosis to ensure that each new cell
receives the appropriate number of chromosomes. All living things
replicate their DNA, which requires several proteins called replication
enzymes as well as RNA.The main steps for replication of DNA are as
below:
Initiation: DNA is wrapped tightly into coils known as chromatin,
which are then loosened before the replication process, to fit inside
the nucleus of a cell. At certain locations along the DNA strand
known as origins, DNA synthesis begins. These origins, which are
coding areas, are the targets of proteins called initiators, which then
produce more proteins to help in replication by forming a replication
complex around the origin of DNA. When DNA replication begins,
several origin points in the DNA strand are referred to as replication
forks. DNA Helicase, an enzyme that releases DNA's double helix
shape and opens both strands so that they can be used as templates
for replication, is present in the replication complex around the
• Nucleic Acids:
They are the chemical substances that are found in nature and
contain sugars, pyrimidine and purine mixes, and phosphoric acid. To
determine each person's inherited traits, they do protein synthesis.
organism. They are the fundamental molecules in the cell that carry
information. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
are the two primary subtypes of nucleic acids.
- DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA): DNA is an organic chemical
substance with an extremely complex molecular structure. All
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells as well as different viruses include it.
Prokaryotic cells include tiny DNA loops called plasmids as well as
circular chromosomes that are present in the cytoplasm freely.
whereas the nucleus of eukaryotic cells contains linear
chromosomes, which are made up of DNA. One DNA molecule and a
histone protein linked to that DNA form each chromosome. It carries
the organism's genetic data needed to pass on inherited traits. DNA
is made up of two unequal strands that are twisted around one
another in a double helix form. Each DNA strand is composed of a
lengthy chain of monomers called nucleotides. Four nitrogenous
bases—two pyrimidines, Thymine and Cytosine, and two purines,
Guanine and Adenine—along with four deoxyribose sugar units are
found in DNA nucleotides. The phosphate group of one nucleotide
and the sugar molecule of the following nucleotide form a covalent
bond that holds the nucleotides together and allows the nitrogenous
bases to extend further. The nitrogenous nucleotides in DNA form
hydrogen bonds that hold both strands together. The bases are
bonded in a certain order; cytosine forms only bond with guanine,
and adenine forms only bond with thymine. DNA may be replicated
and used to transcribe related RNA because of its extremely stable
, structure. A gene is a section of DNA that codes to produce a specific
type of protein in a cell. Chromosomes are dense DNA-protein
complexes that are organised into chromosomes in the cell.
Fig 1.DNA
- DNA REPLICATION: DNA replication happens before cell duplication
or division during meiosis and mitosis to ensure that each new cell
receives the appropriate number of chromosomes. All living things
replicate their DNA, which requires several proteins called replication
enzymes as well as RNA.The main steps for replication of DNA are as
below:
Initiation: DNA is wrapped tightly into coils known as chromatin,
which are then loosened before the replication process, to fit inside
the nucleus of a cell. At certain locations along the DNA strand
known as origins, DNA synthesis begins. These origins, which are
coding areas, are the targets of proteins called initiators, which then
produce more proteins to help in replication by forming a replication
complex around the origin of DNA. When DNA replication begins,
several origin points in the DNA strand are referred to as replication
forks. DNA Helicase, an enzyme that releases DNA's double helix
shape and opens both strands so that they can be used as templates
for replication, is present in the replication complex around the
