Complete Exam Graded A+ For The Human Body In Health And Illness: Chapter 21

COMPLETE EXAM GRADED A+ FOR THE HUMAN BODY IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS: CHAPTER 21 What is immunology? - CORRECT ANSWER-The study of the immune system What is immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-The human body's defense system What does the immune system do? - CORRECT ANSWER-Protects the body from pathogens and from other foreign agents including pollens, toxins, and cancer cells The defense mechanisms of the immune system are classified as ____________ and _____________. - CORRECT ANSWER-Nonspecific and specific immunity What is nonspecific immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-Protects the body against many different types of foreign agents; body does not need to recognize the specific foreign agent What is the first line of defense? - CORRECT ANSWER-Mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, and reflexes What is the second line of defense? - CORRECT ANSWER-Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, protective proteins, and natural killer (NK) cells Intact skin and mucous membranes are examples of what? - CORRECT ANSWERMechanical barriers Tears, saliva, and perspiration are examples of what? - CORRECT ANSWER-Chemical barriers What substance secreted by tears discourages the growth of pathogens on the surface of the eye? - CORRECT ANSWER-Lysozyme Sneezing and coughing are examples of what? - CORRECT ANSWER-Reflexes What are leukocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER-White blood cells What phagocytes are motile? - CORRECT ANSWER-Neutrophils and monocytes Phagocytes that are confined within a particular tissue are considered what? - CORRECT ANSWER-Fixed Neutrophils and monocytes can squeeze through the tiny gaps between the endothelial calls of the capillary walls and enter the tissue at the site of infection -- This process is called what? - CORRECT ANSWER-Diapedesis What are chemotaxis? - CORRECT ANSWER-Chemical signals that attract phagocytes What does a phagocyte do? - CORRECT ANSWER-Engulfs, or eats particles or pathogens What are macrophages? - CORRECT ANSWER-Big eaters that are fixed within a particular organ What refers to the responses the body makes when confronted by an irritant? - CORRECT ANSWER-Inflammation If the irritant is caused by a pathogen, the inflammation is called what? - CORRECT ANSWER-Infection What are the characteristics of inflammation? - CORRECT ANSWER-Redness, heat, swelling, and pain What causes inflammation? - CORRECT ANSWER-Injured cells release histamine and other chemicals which cause the blood vessels in the injured tissue to dilate What is pus? - CORRECT ANSWER-Thick, yellowish accumulation of dead material What are fibroblasts? - CORRECT ANSWER-Cells that form connective tissue Fever is also known as what? - CORRECT ANSWER-Pyrexia What are pyrogens? - CORRECT ANSWER-Fever-producing substances What do pyrogens do? - CORRECT ANSWER-Stimulate the hypothalamus in the brain to reset the body's temperature, producing a fever What is beneficial about the elevation in temperature? - CORRECT ANSWER-A fever stimulates phagocytosis and decreases the ability of certain pathogens to multiply What are the two groups of protective proteins? - CORRECT ANSWER-Interferons and complement proteins What do protective proteins do? - CORRECT ANSWER-Act nonspecifically to protect the body What are interferons? - CORRECT ANSWER-A group of proteins secreted by cells infected by a virus What do interferons do? - CORRECT ANSWER-Diffuse to surrounding cells where they prevent viral replication What do complement proteins do? - CORRECT ANSWER-Circulate the blood in their inactive form. Once activated against a bacteria, they swarm over it What are natural killer (NK) cells? - CORRECT ANSWER-Special type of lymphocytes that act nonspecifically to kill a variety of cells What are NK cells effective against? - CORRECT ANSWER-Many microbes and cancer cells What is specific immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-Homes in on a foreign substance and provides protection against one specific substance but not others. What are the two cells that play key roles in specific immunity? - CORRECT ANSWERB lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and macrophages. What is an antigen? - CORRECT ANSWER-Antigen is a substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies Where are antigens found? - CORRECT ANSWER-On the surface of many substances, such as pathogens, RBCs, pollens, foods, toxins, and cancer cells What are foreign substances that display antigens - CORRECT ANSWER-Antigenic What substances are attacked by lymphocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER-Antigenics What is immunotolerance? - CORRECT ANSWER-Recognition of self What are T lymphocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER-Thumus-derived What is the function of the T lymphocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER-Cell-mediated immunity What is the function of the B lymphocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER-Antibody-mediated immunity What are B lymphocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER-Bone marrow What is cell-mediate immunity (CMI)? - CORRECT ANSWER-Attacking antigens directly through cell-to-cell contact