CPCE/NCE Exam. JMAYY

Behaviorism - Theorists John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, and B. F. Skinner. Erik Erikson's Eight Psychosocial Stages Trust versus mistrust (birth to age 1 ½ years); autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 ½ to 3 years); initiative versus guilt (3 to 6 years); industry versus inferiority (6 to 11 years): identity versus role confusion (12 to 18 years); intimacy versus isolation (18 to 35 years); generativity versus stagnation (35 to 60 years); and integrity versus despair (age 65 and beyond). Jean Piaget's Qualitative Four Stages of Cognitive Development (Genetic Epistemology) Theory: Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years); Preoperational (2 to 7 years); Concrete Operations (7 to 12 years); and Formal Operations (11/ 12 to 16). Assimilation/Adaptation When the individual fits information into existing ideas. (reinforces beliefs) Accommodation Modifies cognitive schemata to incorporate new information. (changes beliefs) Conservation The child knows that volume and quantity do not change, just because the appearance of an object changes. Kegan's Constructive Developmental Model model emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality; construct reality throughout lifespan; meaning making; Kegan suggests six stages of life span development: incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual. Lawrence Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development Each level has two stages: preconventional level— behavior governed by consequences; conventional level— a desire to conform to socially acceptable rules; postconventional level— self-accepted moral principles guide behavior. Carol Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development for Women Gilligan's 1982 book In a Different Voice illuminated the fact that Kohlberg's research was conducted on males. Women have a sense of caring and compassion.