Table of contents
Module 1...............................................................................................................................................3
A Taxonomy to Structure and Analyze Human–Robot Interaction.....................................................3
Introduction...................................................................................................................................3
Existing HRI frameworks................................................................................................................3
A new interaction taxonomy for HRI..............................................................................................4
Applying the taxonomy..................................................................................................................5
Digitalized’ Competences. A Crucial Challenge beyond Digital Competences....................................7
Introduction...................................................................................................................................7
A brief note about digital competences.........................................................................................7
Non-Digital Competences Remain Important in the Digital World.................................................8
Transformation of Jobs and Professions and Implications for Digitalized Competences................9
Defining “Digitalized” Competences............................................................................................10
A Typology of Digitalized Competences and Some Examples.......................................................11
Discussion....................................................................................................................................19
Practical implications...................................................................................................................20
Preparing Workplaces for Digital Transformation: An Integrative Review and Framework of Multi-
Level Factors....................................................................................................................................21
Technology acceptance model 3 and a research agenda on interventions......................................22
Module 2.............................................................................................................................................26
The role of robotization in work design: a comparative case study among logistic warehouses.....26
Introduction.................................................................................................................................26
Findings........................................................................................................................................27
Discussion....................................................................................................................................28
From Here to Autonomy: Lessons Learned From Human–Automation Research........................29
Introduction.................................................................................................................................29
Evolution of Autonomy................................................................................................................30
The Big Challenge: Out-of-the-Loop Loss of Situation Awareness................................................30
Human–Autonomy Interaction Challenges..................................................................................30
A Model of Human–Autonomy System Oversight........................................................................31
Understanding Attention Allocation in Human–Autonomy Interaction.......................................32
System Design Features in Human–Autonomy Oversight............................................................32
Addressing System Complexity....................................................................................................32
Automation Paradigm Features...................................................................................................33
Three Main Task Stages................................................................................................................36
, Automation Paradigms................................................................................................................37
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................37
Human–Autonomy Teaming: A Review and Analysis of the Empirical Literature.............................38
Introduction.................................................................................................................................38
Objectives of the Integrative Review............................................................................................38
Defining Autonomy and Human–Autonomy Teams (HAT)...........................................................38
Discussion....................................................................................................................................41
Practical implications...................................................................................................................44
Automation, Algorithms, and Beyond: Why Work Design Matters More Than Ever in a Digital World
.........................................................................................................................................................44
Module 3.............................................................................................................................................45
Turn Digitalization and Automation to a Job Resource....................................................................45
Introduction:................................................................................................................................45
Job Demands–Resources Perspective:.........................................................................................45
Consequences and Avoidance:....................................................................................................46
Collective Profit from Digitalization:............................................................................................46
Conclusion:..................................................................................................................................46
Understanding and shaping the future of work with self-determination theory.............................46
Introduction:................................................................................................................................46
Future Work Requirements:.........................................................................................................49
Algorithmic Management and Its Impact on Work Design:.........................................................54
Future Directions and Considerations:.........................................................................................54
Assessing the artificially intelligent workplace: an ethical framework for evaluating experimental
technologies in workplace settings..................................................................................................55
,Module 1
A Taxonomy to Structure and Analyze Human–Robot Interaction
Introduction
Challenges in HRI (human robot interaction) Research:
Lack of comparability and generalizability in studies related to anthropomorphism.
Anthropomorphism, attributing human characteristics to non-human agents, is crucial in
social robotics.
Variability in Study Results:
Various studies examining the impact of anthropomorphism yield varied results.
Differences in robot designs, experimental setups, and operationalizations contribute to the
challenge.
Need for Structured Approach:
Proposal for the development of a taxonomy to classify different HRI scenarios.
Aims to enhance comparability, allowing for meta-interpretation of study results.
Contributes to the accumulation of knowledge in the field.
Importance of Basic Theories and Methodologies:
Emphasis on the need for basic theories, tools, and methodologies in HRI research.
Striving for a scientific culture of replicability and confirmation in HRI studies.
Dautenhahn's call for efforts to make research in HRI more comparable.
Conclusion
The great variability in robots and their applications poses a main challenge in HRI research.
Developing a taxonomy is essential for knowledge accumulation and scientific progress in the
HRI domain.
Existing HRI frameworks
Historical Frameworks:
- Granda et al. (1990): Proposed five stages for categorizing a robot's functional capabilities in
HRI.
o Bounded Autonomy, Teleoperation, Supervised Autonomy, Adaptive Autonomy,
Virtual Symbiosis.
o Stages depict increasing levels of autonomy and shared knowledge.
o Overlapping characteristics create challenges in application to real scenarios.
- Scholtz (2002): Framework based on different human roles in HRI using models of human-
computer interaction.
o Human as supervisor, operator, mechanic, team partner, or bystander.
o Emphasis on reciprocal adjustment between human and robot actions.
o Human roles provide no specific information about the interaction itself.
- Schmidtler et al. (Year Not Specified): Classification of HRI types based on working time,
workspace, aim, and contact.
, o Coexistence, Cooperation, Collaboration signify increasing proximity and
dependency.
o Limited to industrial environments, may not be sufficient for detailed HRI
description.
Incorporating Robot Characteristics:
- Yanco and Drury (Year Not Specified): Adoption of Scholtz's interaction roles with ten
categories related to interaction and robot characteristics.
o Varying detail in categorical specifications, posing challenges in application.
o Some categories well-defined, while others lack specificity or applicability to different
scenarios.
Domain-Specific Frameworks:
- Beer, Fisk, and Rogers (Year Not Specified): Detailed framework on robot autonomy, specific
to service robots.
o Limited applicability to other HRI scenarios.
o Dautenhahn (Year Not Specified): Differentiates robot tasks as persuasive machine, social
mediator, or model social agent.
o Emphasis on the role definition for autism therapy.
o Proposes four evaluation criteria, lacking detailed scale characteristics.
Common Metrics and Benchmarks:
- Steinfeld et al. (Year Not Specified): Analysis of HRI interaction based on three aspects -
human, robot, system.
o Metrics defined for five task categories but focuses on task-oriented mobile robots.
- Kahn et al. (Year Not Specified): Proposes nine evaluation benchmarks for building human-
like robots.
o Remains conceptual without guidance for operationalization.
Conclusion:
- Existing frameworks provide valuable insights into HRI, addressing human roles, interaction
definition, robot functions, etc.
- Challenges include limited applicability, specificity to certain domains, and conceptual
nature.
- Need for a comprehensive framework incorporating human, robot, interaction, and context
for structured comparisons across different HRI scenarios.
A new interaction taxonomy for HRI
The proposed Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) taxonomy is a comprehensive framework that classifies
various aspects of HRI into three clusters: Interaction Context, Robot Classification, and Team
Classification. Each cluster is further divided into several variables, providing a detailed and
hierarchical structure for analyzing and comparing different HRI scenarios. The taxonomy is designed
to be applicable across various domains and aims to facilitate the systematic comparison of different
HRI scenarios. Let's break down the key components of each cluster:
Interaction Context Classification:
Module 1...............................................................................................................................................3
A Taxonomy to Structure and Analyze Human–Robot Interaction.....................................................3
Introduction...................................................................................................................................3
Existing HRI frameworks................................................................................................................3
A new interaction taxonomy for HRI..............................................................................................4
Applying the taxonomy..................................................................................................................5
Digitalized’ Competences. A Crucial Challenge beyond Digital Competences....................................7
Introduction...................................................................................................................................7
A brief note about digital competences.........................................................................................7
Non-Digital Competences Remain Important in the Digital World.................................................8
Transformation of Jobs and Professions and Implications for Digitalized Competences................9
Defining “Digitalized” Competences............................................................................................10
A Typology of Digitalized Competences and Some Examples.......................................................11
Discussion....................................................................................................................................19
Practical implications...................................................................................................................20
Preparing Workplaces for Digital Transformation: An Integrative Review and Framework of Multi-
Level Factors....................................................................................................................................21
Technology acceptance model 3 and a research agenda on interventions......................................22
Module 2.............................................................................................................................................26
The role of robotization in work design: a comparative case study among logistic warehouses.....26
Introduction.................................................................................................................................26
Findings........................................................................................................................................27
Discussion....................................................................................................................................28
From Here to Autonomy: Lessons Learned From Human–Automation Research........................29
Introduction.................................................................................................................................29
Evolution of Autonomy................................................................................................................30
The Big Challenge: Out-of-the-Loop Loss of Situation Awareness................................................30
Human–Autonomy Interaction Challenges..................................................................................30
A Model of Human–Autonomy System Oversight........................................................................31
Understanding Attention Allocation in Human–Autonomy Interaction.......................................32
System Design Features in Human–Autonomy Oversight............................................................32
Addressing System Complexity....................................................................................................32
Automation Paradigm Features...................................................................................................33
Three Main Task Stages................................................................................................................36
, Automation Paradigms................................................................................................................37
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................37
Human–Autonomy Teaming: A Review and Analysis of the Empirical Literature.............................38
Introduction.................................................................................................................................38
Objectives of the Integrative Review............................................................................................38
Defining Autonomy and Human–Autonomy Teams (HAT)...........................................................38
Discussion....................................................................................................................................41
Practical implications...................................................................................................................44
Automation, Algorithms, and Beyond: Why Work Design Matters More Than Ever in a Digital World
.........................................................................................................................................................44
Module 3.............................................................................................................................................45
Turn Digitalization and Automation to a Job Resource....................................................................45
Introduction:................................................................................................................................45
Job Demands–Resources Perspective:.........................................................................................45
Consequences and Avoidance:....................................................................................................46
Collective Profit from Digitalization:............................................................................................46
Conclusion:..................................................................................................................................46
Understanding and shaping the future of work with self-determination theory.............................46
Introduction:................................................................................................................................46
Future Work Requirements:.........................................................................................................49
Algorithmic Management and Its Impact on Work Design:.........................................................54
Future Directions and Considerations:.........................................................................................54
Assessing the artificially intelligent workplace: an ethical framework for evaluating experimental
technologies in workplace settings..................................................................................................55
,Module 1
A Taxonomy to Structure and Analyze Human–Robot Interaction
Introduction
Challenges in HRI (human robot interaction) Research:
Lack of comparability and generalizability in studies related to anthropomorphism.
Anthropomorphism, attributing human characteristics to non-human agents, is crucial in
social robotics.
Variability in Study Results:
Various studies examining the impact of anthropomorphism yield varied results.
Differences in robot designs, experimental setups, and operationalizations contribute to the
challenge.
Need for Structured Approach:
Proposal for the development of a taxonomy to classify different HRI scenarios.
Aims to enhance comparability, allowing for meta-interpretation of study results.
Contributes to the accumulation of knowledge in the field.
Importance of Basic Theories and Methodologies:
Emphasis on the need for basic theories, tools, and methodologies in HRI research.
Striving for a scientific culture of replicability and confirmation in HRI studies.
Dautenhahn's call for efforts to make research in HRI more comparable.
Conclusion
The great variability in robots and their applications poses a main challenge in HRI research.
Developing a taxonomy is essential for knowledge accumulation and scientific progress in the
HRI domain.
Existing HRI frameworks
Historical Frameworks:
- Granda et al. (1990): Proposed five stages for categorizing a robot's functional capabilities in
HRI.
o Bounded Autonomy, Teleoperation, Supervised Autonomy, Adaptive Autonomy,
Virtual Symbiosis.
o Stages depict increasing levels of autonomy and shared knowledge.
o Overlapping characteristics create challenges in application to real scenarios.
- Scholtz (2002): Framework based on different human roles in HRI using models of human-
computer interaction.
o Human as supervisor, operator, mechanic, team partner, or bystander.
o Emphasis on reciprocal adjustment between human and robot actions.
o Human roles provide no specific information about the interaction itself.
- Schmidtler et al. (Year Not Specified): Classification of HRI types based on working time,
workspace, aim, and contact.
, o Coexistence, Cooperation, Collaboration signify increasing proximity and
dependency.
o Limited to industrial environments, may not be sufficient for detailed HRI
description.
Incorporating Robot Characteristics:
- Yanco and Drury (Year Not Specified): Adoption of Scholtz's interaction roles with ten
categories related to interaction and robot characteristics.
o Varying detail in categorical specifications, posing challenges in application.
o Some categories well-defined, while others lack specificity or applicability to different
scenarios.
Domain-Specific Frameworks:
- Beer, Fisk, and Rogers (Year Not Specified): Detailed framework on robot autonomy, specific
to service robots.
o Limited applicability to other HRI scenarios.
o Dautenhahn (Year Not Specified): Differentiates robot tasks as persuasive machine, social
mediator, or model social agent.
o Emphasis on the role definition for autism therapy.
o Proposes four evaluation criteria, lacking detailed scale characteristics.
Common Metrics and Benchmarks:
- Steinfeld et al. (Year Not Specified): Analysis of HRI interaction based on three aspects -
human, robot, system.
o Metrics defined for five task categories but focuses on task-oriented mobile robots.
- Kahn et al. (Year Not Specified): Proposes nine evaluation benchmarks for building human-
like robots.
o Remains conceptual without guidance for operationalization.
Conclusion:
- Existing frameworks provide valuable insights into HRI, addressing human roles, interaction
definition, robot functions, etc.
- Challenges include limited applicability, specificity to certain domains, and conceptual
nature.
- Need for a comprehensive framework incorporating human, robot, interaction, and context
for structured comparisons across different HRI scenarios.
A new interaction taxonomy for HRI
The proposed Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) taxonomy is a comprehensive framework that classifies
various aspects of HRI into three clusters: Interaction Context, Robot Classification, and Team
Classification. Each cluster is further divided into several variables, providing a detailed and
hierarchical structure for analyzing and comparing different HRI scenarios. The taxonomy is designed
to be applicable across various domains and aims to facilitate the systematic comparison of different
HRI scenarios. Let's break down the key components of each cluster:
Interaction Context Classification:
