Davis Advantage for Pathophysiology
3rd Edition by (Capriotti), Chapter 1 - 46
,Contents
CHAPTER 1: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER 2: CELLULAR INJURY, ADAPTATIONS, AND MALADAPTIVE CHANGES ................................ 13
CHAPTER 3: GENETIC BASIS OF DISEASE ......................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER 4: STRESS, EXERCISE, AND IMMOBILITY........................................................................... 35
CHAPTER 5: OBESITY AND NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCES................................................................... 44
CHAPTER 6: PAIN ........................................................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER 7: FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES ....................................................................... 66
CHAPTER 8: ACID–BASE BALANCE .................................................................................................. 75
CHAPTER 9: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION ................................................................................ 82
CHAPTER 10: INFECTIOUS DISEASE................................................................................................. 91
CHAPTER 11: DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ..................................................................... 100
CHAPTER 12: WHITE BLOOD CELL DISORDERS .............................................................................. 112
CHAPTER 13: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION ............................................................................ 123
CHAPTER 14: DISORDERS OF PLATELETS, HEMOSTASIS, AND COAGULATION................................. 134
CHAPTER 15: ARTERIAL DISORDERS.............................................................................................. 146
CHAPTER 16: ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND CONDUCTION DISORDERS ...................................... 157
CHAPTER 17: HEART FAILURE ....................................................................................................... 167
CHAPTER 18: VALVULAR HEART DISEASE ...................................................................................... 178
CHAPTER 19: DISORDERS OF THE VENOUS SYSTEM ...................................................................... 190
CHAPTER 20: RESPIRATORY INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION ...................................................... 201
CHAPTER 21: RESTRICTIVE AND OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISORDERS ..................................... 212
CHAPTER 22 – RENAL DISORDERS ................................................................................................ 225
CHAPTER 23 – UROLOGICAL DISORDERS ...................................................................................... 234
,CHAPTER 24 – ENDOCRINE DISORDERS ........................................................................................ 244
CHAPTER 25 – DIABETES MELLITUS & METABOLIC SYNDROME..................................................... 253
CHAPTER 26 – FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS ..................................................................... 262
CHAPTER 27 – MALE REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS ......................................................................... 271
CHAPTER 28: SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES ......................................................................... 280
CHAPTER 29: DISORDERS OF THE ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, AND SMALL INTESTINE ...................... 289
CHAPTER 30: COMMON DISORDERS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE .................................................... 299
CHAPTER 31: INFECTION, INFLAMMATION, AND CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER ................................... 308
CHAPTER 32: GALLBLADDER, PANCREATIC, AND BILE DUCT DYSFUNCTION................................... 317
CHAPTER 33 • CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS ............................................................................ 326
CHAPTER 34 • CHRONIC AND DEGENERATIVE NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS ...................................... 336
CHAPTER 35 • BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD INJURY .......................................................................... 343
CHAPTER 36 • PSYCHOBIOLOGY OF BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS ...................................................... 353
CHAPTER 37 • MUSCULOSKELETAL TRAUMA ................................................................................ 361
CHAPTER 38: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ............................... 389
CHAPTER 39: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. 398
CHAPTER 40: CANCER .................................................................................................................. 407
CHAPTER 41: SKIN DISORDERS ..................................................................................................... 416
CHAPTER 42: BURNS .................................................................................................................... 424
CHAPTER 43: EYE DISORDERS ....................................................................................................... 433
CHAPTER 44: EAR DISORDERS ...................................................................................................... 442
CHAPTER 45: PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC CONCEPTS OF AGING .............................................................. 451
CHAPTER 46: SIRS, SEPSIS, SHOCK, MODS, AND DEATH ................................................................ 460
,────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
CHAPTER 1: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1. Which statement regarding the sodium-potassium pump is correct?
A. The plasma membrane is more soluble to sodium ions than to potassium ions.
B. The concentra>on of sodium ions is higher inside the cell than outside.
C. The concentra>on of potassium ions is higher outside the cell than inside.
D. Three sodium ions are pumped out, and two potassium ions are pumped in.
Answer: D
Feedback: The sodium-potassium pump ac>vely transports three Na+ ions out of the cell and
two K+ ions in, maintaining gradients essen>al for cell func>on (CaprioE & Frizzell, p. 10).
2. What is the process in which glucose is used to create energy in the cell?
A. Autolysis
B. Glycolysis
C. Heterolysis
D. None of the above
Answer: B
Feedback: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway where glucose is broken down to produce ATP,
under both aerobic and anaerobic condi>ons (p. 14).
3. How many ATP molecules are produced in aerobic metabolism?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 34
, D. None of the above
Answer: C
Feedback: In aerobic (oxida>ve) metabolism, the complete breakdown of one glucose
molecule can yield about 34 ATP (p. 15).
4. Which cell organelles are believed to have once been self-sustaining and independent?
A. Ribosomes
B. Mitochondria
C. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
D. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Answer: B
Feedback: Mitochondria are theorized to have originated as independent prokaryotes that
formed a symbio>c rela>onship with eukaryo>c cells (p. 11).
5. Why is more energy produced when a person exercises regularly?
A. Increased protein synthesis
B. Increased produc>on of pyruvic acid
C. Increased conversion of pyruvic acid to lac>c acid
D. Increased mitochondrial produc>on in muscle cells
Answer: D
Feedback: Exercise induces the forma>on of more mitochondria in muscle cells, enhancing
aerobic metabolism and ATP produc>on (p. 14).
6. When does ribosomal protein synthesis cease?
A. During endoplasmic re>culum (ER) stress
B. During the synthesis of ATP
, C. During a severe hypoxic state
D. During the processing of a prohormone
Answer: C
Feedback: Severe hypoxia depletes ATP, impairing organelle func>on—including ribosomes—
thus hal>ng protein synthesis (p. 16).
7. The organelle responsible for propelling mucus and inhaled debris out of the lungs is:
A. Cilia
B. Microfilaments
C. Secretory vesicles
D. Endoplasmic re>culum
Answer: A
Feedback: Cilia lining the respiratory tract move mucus and trapped par>cles upward and out
of the airways (p. 9).
8. Which are the key proteins in the contrac>le units of muscle cells?
A. Ac>n and myosin
B. Myosin and tubulin
C. Tubulin and ac>n
D. None of the above
Answer: A
Feedback: Ac>n and myosin are fundamental to muscle contrac>on (p. 18).
9. Which deficiency causes Tay-Sachs disease?
A. Proteasome
B. Peroxisome
, C. Macrophage
D. Lysosomal enzymes
Answer: D
Feedback: Tay-Sachs is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of specific
lysosomal enzymes needed to degrade certain lipids (p. 19).
10. Adrenoleukodystrophy is characterized by:
A. Accumula>on of ganglioside
B. Cessa>on of ribosomal protein synthesis
C. Accelera>on of proteasome ac>vity
D. Accumula>on of long-chain faLy acids in the nervous system
Answer: D
Feedback: In adrenoleukodystrophy, very long-chain faLy acids accumulate and damage the
nervous system (p. 19).
11. Which statement is correct regarding endoplasmic re>culum (ER) stress?
A. Proteins are rapidly degraded during ER stress.
B. Lipids cannot travel to their proper loca>ons during ER stress.
C. Long-chain faLy acids accumulate in the nervous system during ER stress.
D. Non-degraded, misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER.
Answer: D
Feedback: ER stress involves a buildup of misfolded proteins that disrupt normal cell func>on
(p. 16).
12. Which is referred to as the “protein factory” of the cell?
A. Ribosomes
, B. Mitochondria
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Endoplasmic re>culum
Answer: A
Feedback: Ribosomes synthesize proteins and are oOen called the cell’s “protein factories” (p.
8).
13. Which acts as the blueprint for construc>ng proteins?
A. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
B. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
C. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
D. Mitochondrial DNA
Answer: C
Feedback: mRNA carries the gene>c code from DNA that specifies the amino acid sequence
(p. 13).
14. A hiker experiences muscle pain and acidosis during a steep climb. What causes these
symptoms?
A. Cellular hypoxia
B. Autolysis
C. Heterolysis
D. Cellular edema
Answer: A
Feedback: Strenuous exercise can cause muscle cells to become hypoxic and shiO to
anaerobic metabolism, producing lac>c acid (p. 15).
,15. Which factor allows DNA the unique ability to replicate?
A. Precise pairing of nitrogenous bases
B. Presence of pyrimidine bases
C. Presence of nucleo>des
D. Nitrogenous base and phosphate bond
Answer: A
Feedback: The strict complementary base pairing (A–T, C–G) ensures correct DNA replica>on
(p. 12).
16. How many nitrogenous bases compose a single codon?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. None of the above
Answer: B
Feedback: A codon has three nucleo>des that specify an amino acid (p. 13).
17. DNA is a polymer of:
A. Nucleo>des
B. Amino acids
C. FaLy acids
D. Phosphates
Answer: A
Feedback: DNA is composed of repea>ng nucleo>de units (sugar, phosphate, and base) (p.
12).
, 18. What is the func>on of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?
A. Transports gene>c informa>on from DNA
B. Gathers and joins amino acids for proteins
C. Is directly involved in the forma>on of ribosomes
D. None of the above
Answer: C
Feedback: rRNA, combined with specific proteins, forms ribosomes, which build proteins (p.
13).
19. A client is prescribed tetracycline for a Chlamydia infec>on. What is this drug’s mechanism?
A. It prevents bacterial DNA replica>on.
B. It alters bacterial cytoplasm configura>on.
C. It interferes with bacterial ribosomes.
D. It inhibits bacterial mitochondria.
Answer: C
Feedback: Tetracyclines block protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes (p. 29,
An>bio>cs & Protein Synthesis).
20. Where does the conversion of a prohormone into a hormone typically occur?
A. Ribosome
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Secretory granule
D. Endoplasmic re>culum
Answer: B
Feedback: The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins, including conver>ng some
prohormones to ac>ve forms (p. 9).
3rd Edition by (Capriotti), Chapter 1 - 46
,Contents
CHAPTER 1: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER 2: CELLULAR INJURY, ADAPTATIONS, AND MALADAPTIVE CHANGES ................................ 13
CHAPTER 3: GENETIC BASIS OF DISEASE ......................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER 4: STRESS, EXERCISE, AND IMMOBILITY........................................................................... 35
CHAPTER 5: OBESITY AND NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCES................................................................... 44
CHAPTER 6: PAIN ........................................................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER 7: FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES ....................................................................... 66
CHAPTER 8: ACID–BASE BALANCE .................................................................................................. 75
CHAPTER 9: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION ................................................................................ 82
CHAPTER 10: INFECTIOUS DISEASE................................................................................................. 91
CHAPTER 11: DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ..................................................................... 100
CHAPTER 12: WHITE BLOOD CELL DISORDERS .............................................................................. 112
CHAPTER 13: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION ............................................................................ 123
CHAPTER 14: DISORDERS OF PLATELETS, HEMOSTASIS, AND COAGULATION................................. 134
CHAPTER 15: ARTERIAL DISORDERS.............................................................................................. 146
CHAPTER 16: ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND CONDUCTION DISORDERS ...................................... 157
CHAPTER 17: HEART FAILURE ....................................................................................................... 167
CHAPTER 18: VALVULAR HEART DISEASE ...................................................................................... 178
CHAPTER 19: DISORDERS OF THE VENOUS SYSTEM ...................................................................... 190
CHAPTER 20: RESPIRATORY INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION ...................................................... 201
CHAPTER 21: RESTRICTIVE AND OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISORDERS ..................................... 212
CHAPTER 22 – RENAL DISORDERS ................................................................................................ 225
CHAPTER 23 – UROLOGICAL DISORDERS ...................................................................................... 234
,CHAPTER 24 – ENDOCRINE DISORDERS ........................................................................................ 244
CHAPTER 25 – DIABETES MELLITUS & METABOLIC SYNDROME..................................................... 253
CHAPTER 26 – FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS ..................................................................... 262
CHAPTER 27 – MALE REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS ......................................................................... 271
CHAPTER 28: SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES ......................................................................... 280
CHAPTER 29: DISORDERS OF THE ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, AND SMALL INTESTINE ...................... 289
CHAPTER 30: COMMON DISORDERS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE .................................................... 299
CHAPTER 31: INFECTION, INFLAMMATION, AND CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER ................................... 308
CHAPTER 32: GALLBLADDER, PANCREATIC, AND BILE DUCT DYSFUNCTION................................... 317
CHAPTER 33 • CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS ............................................................................ 326
CHAPTER 34 • CHRONIC AND DEGENERATIVE NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS ...................................... 336
CHAPTER 35 • BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD INJURY .......................................................................... 343
CHAPTER 36 • PSYCHOBIOLOGY OF BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS ...................................................... 353
CHAPTER 37 • MUSCULOSKELETAL TRAUMA ................................................................................ 361
CHAPTER 38: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ............................... 389
CHAPTER 39: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. 398
CHAPTER 40: CANCER .................................................................................................................. 407
CHAPTER 41: SKIN DISORDERS ..................................................................................................... 416
CHAPTER 42: BURNS .................................................................................................................... 424
CHAPTER 43: EYE DISORDERS ....................................................................................................... 433
CHAPTER 44: EAR DISORDERS ...................................................................................................... 442
CHAPTER 45: PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC CONCEPTS OF AGING .............................................................. 451
CHAPTER 46: SIRS, SEPSIS, SHOCK, MODS, AND DEATH ................................................................ 460
,────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
CHAPTER 1: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1. Which statement regarding the sodium-potassium pump is correct?
A. The plasma membrane is more soluble to sodium ions than to potassium ions.
B. The concentra>on of sodium ions is higher inside the cell than outside.
C. The concentra>on of potassium ions is higher outside the cell than inside.
D. Three sodium ions are pumped out, and two potassium ions are pumped in.
Answer: D
Feedback: The sodium-potassium pump ac>vely transports three Na+ ions out of the cell and
two K+ ions in, maintaining gradients essen>al for cell func>on (CaprioE & Frizzell, p. 10).
2. What is the process in which glucose is used to create energy in the cell?
A. Autolysis
B. Glycolysis
C. Heterolysis
D. None of the above
Answer: B
Feedback: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway where glucose is broken down to produce ATP,
under both aerobic and anaerobic condi>ons (p. 14).
3. How many ATP molecules are produced in aerobic metabolism?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 34
, D. None of the above
Answer: C
Feedback: In aerobic (oxida>ve) metabolism, the complete breakdown of one glucose
molecule can yield about 34 ATP (p. 15).
4. Which cell organelles are believed to have once been self-sustaining and independent?
A. Ribosomes
B. Mitochondria
C. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
D. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Answer: B
Feedback: Mitochondria are theorized to have originated as independent prokaryotes that
formed a symbio>c rela>onship with eukaryo>c cells (p. 11).
5. Why is more energy produced when a person exercises regularly?
A. Increased protein synthesis
B. Increased produc>on of pyruvic acid
C. Increased conversion of pyruvic acid to lac>c acid
D. Increased mitochondrial produc>on in muscle cells
Answer: D
Feedback: Exercise induces the forma>on of more mitochondria in muscle cells, enhancing
aerobic metabolism and ATP produc>on (p. 14).
6. When does ribosomal protein synthesis cease?
A. During endoplasmic re>culum (ER) stress
B. During the synthesis of ATP
, C. During a severe hypoxic state
D. During the processing of a prohormone
Answer: C
Feedback: Severe hypoxia depletes ATP, impairing organelle func>on—including ribosomes—
thus hal>ng protein synthesis (p. 16).
7. The organelle responsible for propelling mucus and inhaled debris out of the lungs is:
A. Cilia
B. Microfilaments
C. Secretory vesicles
D. Endoplasmic re>culum
Answer: A
Feedback: Cilia lining the respiratory tract move mucus and trapped par>cles upward and out
of the airways (p. 9).
8. Which are the key proteins in the contrac>le units of muscle cells?
A. Ac>n and myosin
B. Myosin and tubulin
C. Tubulin and ac>n
D. None of the above
Answer: A
Feedback: Ac>n and myosin are fundamental to muscle contrac>on (p. 18).
9. Which deficiency causes Tay-Sachs disease?
A. Proteasome
B. Peroxisome
, C. Macrophage
D. Lysosomal enzymes
Answer: D
Feedback: Tay-Sachs is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of specific
lysosomal enzymes needed to degrade certain lipids (p. 19).
10. Adrenoleukodystrophy is characterized by:
A. Accumula>on of ganglioside
B. Cessa>on of ribosomal protein synthesis
C. Accelera>on of proteasome ac>vity
D. Accumula>on of long-chain faLy acids in the nervous system
Answer: D
Feedback: In adrenoleukodystrophy, very long-chain faLy acids accumulate and damage the
nervous system (p. 19).
11. Which statement is correct regarding endoplasmic re>culum (ER) stress?
A. Proteins are rapidly degraded during ER stress.
B. Lipids cannot travel to their proper loca>ons during ER stress.
C. Long-chain faLy acids accumulate in the nervous system during ER stress.
D. Non-degraded, misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER.
Answer: D
Feedback: ER stress involves a buildup of misfolded proteins that disrupt normal cell func>on
(p. 16).
12. Which is referred to as the “protein factory” of the cell?
A. Ribosomes
, B. Mitochondria
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Endoplasmic re>culum
Answer: A
Feedback: Ribosomes synthesize proteins and are oOen called the cell’s “protein factories” (p.
8).
13. Which acts as the blueprint for construc>ng proteins?
A. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
B. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
C. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
D. Mitochondrial DNA
Answer: C
Feedback: mRNA carries the gene>c code from DNA that specifies the amino acid sequence
(p. 13).
14. A hiker experiences muscle pain and acidosis during a steep climb. What causes these
symptoms?
A. Cellular hypoxia
B. Autolysis
C. Heterolysis
D. Cellular edema
Answer: A
Feedback: Strenuous exercise can cause muscle cells to become hypoxic and shiO to
anaerobic metabolism, producing lac>c acid (p. 15).
,15. Which factor allows DNA the unique ability to replicate?
A. Precise pairing of nitrogenous bases
B. Presence of pyrimidine bases
C. Presence of nucleo>des
D. Nitrogenous base and phosphate bond
Answer: A
Feedback: The strict complementary base pairing (A–T, C–G) ensures correct DNA replica>on
(p. 12).
16. How many nitrogenous bases compose a single codon?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. None of the above
Answer: B
Feedback: A codon has three nucleo>des that specify an amino acid (p. 13).
17. DNA is a polymer of:
A. Nucleo>des
B. Amino acids
C. FaLy acids
D. Phosphates
Answer: A
Feedback: DNA is composed of repea>ng nucleo>de units (sugar, phosphate, and base) (p.
12).
, 18. What is the func>on of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?
A. Transports gene>c informa>on from DNA
B. Gathers and joins amino acids for proteins
C. Is directly involved in the forma>on of ribosomes
D. None of the above
Answer: C
Feedback: rRNA, combined with specific proteins, forms ribosomes, which build proteins (p.
13).
19. A client is prescribed tetracycline for a Chlamydia infec>on. What is this drug’s mechanism?
A. It prevents bacterial DNA replica>on.
B. It alters bacterial cytoplasm configura>on.
C. It interferes with bacterial ribosomes.
D. It inhibits bacterial mitochondria.
Answer: C
Feedback: Tetracyclines block protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes (p. 29,
An>bio>cs & Protein Synthesis).
20. Where does the conversion of a prohormone into a hormone typically occur?
A. Ribosome
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Secretory granule
D. Endoplasmic re>culum
Answer: B
Feedback: The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins, including conver>ng some
prohormones to ac>ve forms (p. 9).
