Test Bank For Applied Social Research A Tool for the Human Services 8th Edition by Duane R. Monette

Monette/ Sullivan/ DeJong, Applied Social Research: A Tool for the Human Services, 8e Test Bank Chapter 3: Ethical Issues in Social Research Multiple Choice 1. Ethics have to do with all of the following EXCEPT: a. efficiency and practicality. b. proper and improper behavior. c. moral duty and obligation. d. responsibilities to others. ANS: A PG: 50 2. Which events in this century served as major catalysts for efforts to codify a set of ethical standards for scientific research? ANS: D PG: 51 a. the Nazi experiments on people in concentration camps b. the U.S. Public Health Service study of syphilis c. the Watergate break-in and cover-up d. the Nazi experiments on people in concentration camps and the U.S. Public Health Service study of syphilis 3. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the text's discussion of the historical development of ethical standards for research? a. There have been no significant instances of highly unethical research in the United States. b. Unethical research is likely to occur if there are not guidelines to prevent it. c. Adequate ethical standards were developed early in the twentieth century, and research during that century was highly ethical. d. There are still no adequate controls over unethical research in the United States. PG: 51-52 ANS: B 4. Ethical regulations were first applied by governmental agencies in the United States to social science research: ANS: C PG: 52 ANS: D PG: 54 a. in the Nuremberg Code in 1946. b. through the United States Public Health Service regulations of 1966. c. when the Department of Health, Education and Welfare applied the PHS guidelines to it in 1974. d. there is still no ethical regulation of social science research by government agencies. 5. What stance is taken by researchers today over the Nazi era research? a. Some argue that the data should be used if it is valid and reliable. b. Some researchers argue that social outrage against Nazi racism forbids using the data. c. The research was a fluke of the era and we do not need restraints on research today. d. Some argue that the data should be used if it is valid and reliable, and some researchers argue that social outrage against Nazi racism forbids using the data. 6. Which of the following is the best statement of "informed consent" in social research? ANS: D PG: 54 a. Potential research participants should be told enough to convince them to participate in the research. b. Potential research participants should be told what they will be asked to do in the research. c. Potential research participants should be told all aspects of the research in which they will participate except the research hypotheses. d. Potential research participants should be told about all aspects of the research that might reasonably influence their decision to participate. 7. “Ethical absolutists" would exempt which of the following research methodologies from the requirement of informed consent? a. survey research b. studies based on agency records c. observations of behavior in public d. ethical absolutists would exempt none of these ANS: D PG: 54 8. “Ethical absolutists” would call for the elimination of which of the following? a. survey research b. single-subject designs c. laboratory experiments d. deception in research ANS: D PG: 54 9. Why is it that asking for people’s written and informed consent to participate in a research project reduces the likelihood that they will agree to participate? ANS: B PG: 55 ANS: C PG: 56 a. because they fear the research will bring some harm to them b. because it appears that confidentiality might be violated c. because it appears that vulnerable clients might not be protected d. because it appears that they will be in the group from which treatment is to be withheld 10. The "risk-benefit" approach to requiring informed consent is that: a. informed consent must always be followed. b. informed consent should usually be followed, except when it is possible to ensure confidentiality. c. questionable practices such as deception can be used if they are essential to the research and will bring no harm to participants. d. questionable practices such as deception should be used unless the benefits of following informed consent outweigh the disadvantages of doing so. 11. Which of the following statements is true regarding deception in social science research today? ANS: D PG: 56 a. Its use is limited to laboratory research. b. It is rarely used today. c. Its use is limited to field research. d. It is used in both experimental and field research. 12. The “chameleon strategy” used by Richard Leo in his study of police interrogations refers to: ANS: B PG: 56 ANS: A PG: 57 a. the strategy he used for deciding which police to observe. b. how he presented a particular personality to the police to gain their cooperation. c. the strategy he used for maintaining confidentiality. d. how he convinced the sponsors of the research to provide funding for the research. 13. Which of the following is NOT one of the major criteria applied to decide whether deception is acceptable in a research project? a. The research is important. b. No other way to conduct the research is available. c. No harm will come to those being studied. d. The deception will reduce the economic costs of the research. ANS: D PG: 57 14. In research that involves deception, the purpose of the debriefing is: a. to inform research participants of any deceptions that were utilized in the research. b. to ensure that the research participants do not detect the true purpose of the research. c. to make sure that the deception continues. d. to ensure that the anonymity or confidentiality of the research participants is maintained. 15. "The ability to control when and under what conditions others will have access to your beliefs, values, or behavior" is the ethical issue of: ANS: A PG: 57 a. privacy. b. confidentiality. c. informed consent. d. anonymity. 16. When he published his study of men having impersonal sex in public rest rooms, Laud Humphreys was accused of violating which of the following ethical issues? a. withholding treatment from clients b. violating the confidentiality of individuals c. violating the privacy of individuals d. engaging in scientific advocacy ANS: C PG: 57-58 17. Which of the following would effectively ensure the privacy of research participants? a. Offer participants the opportunity to destroy any data they wish. b. Accord the participants in the study full anonymity. c. Accord the participants in the research full, written informed consent. d. Offer participants the opportunity to destroy any data they wish and accord the participants in the study full anonymity. ANS: D PG: 59-59 18. Confidentiality refers to: ANS: A PG: 59 a. not publicly linking any particular information to any specific individual who has participated in a study. b. people having the right to control when, and under what conditions, others will have access to their beliefs, values, or behavior. c. telling potential research participants about all aspects of the research that might reasonably influence their decision to participate. d. no one, including the researcher, being able to link any particular information to any individual who has participated in the research. 19. Which of the following might threaten the confidentiality of participants in a research project? ANS: D PG: 59 a. withholding treatment from those in the control group b. a court request to see all of the data that a researcher has collected c. an effort by a sponsor of research to identify research participants d. a court request to see all of the data that a researcher has collected, and an effort by a sponsor of research to identify research participants 20. According to the text, most communication between a client and which of the following professionals is NOT protected from judicial subpoena? a. physicians b. lawyers c. social science researchers d. all of the answers represent professionals who have protected communication ANS: C PG: 59 21. In criminal cases, the courts have generally ruled that: a. social science researchers can protect the confidentiality of their research participants. b. the right of the public to be protected from criminal activity supersedes any assurance of confidentiality in research. c. any communication between a researcher and a research participant is not subject to judicial subpoena. d. communication between a researcher and research participant is subject to judicial subpoena unless that subpoena would violate promises of confidentiality. ANS: B PG: 59-60 22. Certificates of confidentiality are generally awarded only for: a. sensitive research. b. experimental research. c. field research. d. survey research. ANS: A PG: 60 23. If the potential for harm or distress exists in a research investigation, then the researcher should do the following: a. provide neither anonymity nor confidentiality. b. fully inform the participants. c. avoid a debriefing. d. provide certificates of confidentiality. ANS: B PG: 61-62 24. The text states that in field research there often exists an implicit or explicit agreement ANS: D PG: 61 between the researcher and those being observed. This agreement usually includes: a. the belief by those being observed that the researcher will bring them no harm. b. the consent by those being observed to let the researcher observe them. c. the consent of the sponsors to fund the research. d. the belief by those being observed that the researcher will bring them no harm, and the consent by those being observed to let the researcher observe them. 25. The opportunity for the researcher to alleviate the impact of any distress research participants might experience occurs during: a. the pretest. b. the posttest. c. the debriefing. d. the single-system phase of the research. ANS: C PG: 62 26. In the study of sex offenders described in the Research in Practice 3.1, confidentiality and privacy were addressed by doing all of the following EXCEPT: a. using certificates of confidentiality. b. using a debriefing. c. providing a client advocate. d. using special ID numbers on documents. ANS: B PG: 63 27. In the study of sex offenders described in the Research in Practice 3.1, the researchers were directed to have unlisted personal telephone numbers and to never reveal their home address to the research subjects. These precautions were focused on the ethical issue of: ANS: C PG: 63 a. informed consent. b. scientific misconduct and fraud. c. protecting the safety of the research staff. d. withholding treatment for research purposes. 28. In developing a research contract with a sponsor, it would usually be unethical to: a. agree to publish the results only if they turn out a certain way. b. provide the sponsor with more data than they thought they were going to get. c. inform the participants in the research of who the sponsor is. d. give the sponsor any control over the release of the research results. ANS: A PG: 62 29. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as an area of particular ethical concern in sponsored research? a. issues of control over the release of data and results b. defining the precise purposes and procedures used in the study itself c. maintaining confidentiality or anonymity d. revealing the sponsor’s identity to research participants ANS: C PG: 62 30. Sponsorship of research influences people's decision to participate in research in that people are least likely to participate in research sponsored by: a. a university. b. a government agency. c. a commercial organization. d. sponsorship doesn't influence people's decision to participate. ANS: C PG: 64 31. The preeminent ethical obligation of researchers in terms of disclosing research results is to: ANS: B PG: 64 a. make sure they have wide dissemination. b. not publish inaccurate, deceptive, or fraudulent research results. c. disclose only what a sponsor wants disclosed. d. publish the results only in professional journals. 32. Regarding a. b. c. d. scientific misconduct, the text concludes that: this problem has been almost completely eliminated. it has been a growing problem for decades and threatens the legitimacy of the scientific enterprise. many thousands of allegations of scientific misconduct are made each year. although the number of cases of scientific misconduct appear to be small, they still can damage the credibility of all research. ANS: D PG: 64 ANS: D PG: 65 to the text, which of the following is among the weaknesses of detecting fraud in 33. According research through peer review and replication? a. The large number of articles submitted requires using reviewers of research studies who may not be familiar with the professional field. b. Peer reviewers cannot detect plausible, internally consistent fabrications. c. Because research money is scarce, funders opt to support new research rather than replications. d. All of the answers represent such weaknesses. 34. Which of the following is NOT one of the mechanisms stated in that text for detecting and controlling scientific misconduct? a. debriefings b. peer review c. replication d. supervising novice researchers ANS: A PG: 65 35. Max Weber's "value-free" approach to science posits that: ANS: B PG: 66 a. social scientists should strive to apply the knowledge they produce. b. social scientists should create knowledge, not apply it. c. social scientists should work only under the guidance of sponsors. d. social scientists should advocate certain value positions as the starting point of their research. 36. According to the text, the danger of scientists becoming advocates for certain applications of their research is that: a. it might violate the rights of research sponsors. b. it might hamper the objective collection and analysis of data. c. it will reduce the amount of applied research conducted by scientists. d. it threatens confidentiality and privacy. ANS: B PG: 66 37. An important ethical objection to conducting research on prison inmates is: ANS: A PG: 67 a. the inmates are not really free to give consent. b. participation in research projects can lead inmates to experience assault at the hands of other inmates. c. maintaining confidentiality is impossible. d. it is difficult to maintain scientific advocacy in the prison setting. 38. Which of the following issues was cited as being a crucial ethical concern when conducting research on vulnerable groups, such as those with few social, psychological, or financial resources with which to protect their own interests? a. scientific advocacy b. voluntary and informed consent c. withholding treatment from controls d. fair disclosure of research results ANS: B PG: 67 39. Which of the following conclusions was drawn in Research in Practice 3.2 regarding fraud and harm when conducting research on vulnerable clients? a. Review panels and institutional procedures are now adequate to prevent serious harm to clients. b. Researchers who detect fraud among colleagues can be confident that the government will protect them. c. Unethical research can pass through the filters of review panels and institutional procedures. d. Fraud is now considered rampant in human service research. PG: 68-69 ANS: C 40. The group from which some treatment is withheld is called: a. a treatment group. b. a debriefing group. c. a pretest group. d. a control group. ANS: D PG: 67 Essay Questions 1. The text presents two significant historical events that served as major catalysts for efforts to codify a set of ethical standards for research. Identify these two events and indicate the impact on research ethics that each produced. 2. Discuss the ethical absolutists’ stance on informed consent in research. Why do some researchers object to a rigid application of informed consent for all research? 3. One of the more ethically controversial studies ever conducted was that on sexual behavior by Laud Humphreys (discussed in the text). Make the argument for both sides of this issue: that this study was ethically acceptable and that it was not ethical. 4. What is the right of privacy in research? Discuss the procedures that researchers use to protect the privacy of research participants. 5. Discuss the threats to confidentiality in research that can occur because of intrusion by the courts or by legislative actions. What techniques may be used to minimize these threats? 6. The text notes three ethical concerns that may arise in sponsored research. Identify these concerns and indicate how they may be avoided. 7. Identify the mechanisms in the scientific community for identifying scientific misconduct or fraud and discuss their shortcomings. 8. Discuss the controversy surrounding scientific advocacy, including the different stances on the issue that have been taken. 9. Explain why voluntary consent is an especially critical issue for researchers who are working with human service clients. 10. Discuss the ethical issues surrounding withholding treatment for the purpose of creating control groups for research. Monette/ Sullivan/ DeJong, Applied Social Research: A Tool for the Human Services, 8e Test Bank Chapter 1: Research in the Human Services Multiple Choice 1. The notion that scientific research and human service practice are totally distinct enterprises is disappearing because: ANS: B PG: 2-3 a. there really are no substantial differences between the two enterprises. b. there are strong parallels between the conduct of research and the conduct of practice. c. the goals of research and the goals of practice are the same. d. all of the other answers are correct. 2. 2.The textbook emphasizes the and between social research and human service practice. a. parallels...possibilities b. parallels...linkages c. divergences...linkages d. oppositions...linkages ANS: B PG: 2-3 3. One of the parallels between social research and human service practice that is mentioned in Chapter 1 is that: ANS: C PG: 3 a. both use statistical tools. b. both seek the goal of description. c. both are based on observation. d. both are based on pilot studies. 4. The motivation to define the human services as a scientific discipline has arisen from the effort to: ANS: D PG: 7 ANS: B PG: 3 a. replace scientific researchers with human service researchers. b. replace human service practitioners with behavioral scientists in the intervention process. c. clearly distinguish the boundaries between science and practice. d. enhance the accountability of the helping professions. 5. As used in the social and behavioral sciences, the term "social research" includes all of the following EXCEPT: a. a systematic examination or reexamination of empirical data. b. a strategy for intervention that will be effective in alleviating the personal or social problems confronting a client. c. data collected by someone at first hand. d. data that concerns the social or psychological forces operating in a situation. 6. When we say that social research is systematic, we mean that: ANS: A PG: 3 a. all aspects of the research are carefully planned in advance and nothing is done in a casual fashion. b. there will be no bias or error in the research if it is done properly. c. it will accomplish the explanatory goals of science. d. it focuses on basic research rather than applied research. 7. “Empirical” data are based on: a. thoughts and ideas. b. speculation. c. sensory experiences. d. theories. ANS: C PG: 3 8. All of the following are goals of research described in the text EXCEPT: a. evaluation. ANS: C PG: 4 b. accountability. c. description. d. prediction. 9. Which of the following would most clearly be an illustration of predictive research? ANS: C PG: 4 a. a study whose goal is to assess the amount of child abuse in a particular community b. a study whose goal is to determine why some teenagers are more likely than others to abuse alcohol or drugs c. a study whose goal is to project how many children will suffer from malnourishment if funding for some social program is reduced d. a study designed with a practical outcome in mind and with the assumption that some group or society will gain some benefit from it 10. Which of the following would be the BEST illustration of explanatory research? ANS: B PG: 4 a. a study of the extent of juvenile delinquency in a community b. a study of the reasons why juvenile delinquency occurs in a community c. a study to determine the amount of juvenile delinquency that will occur in a community in future years d. a study to assess the effectiveness of delinquency prevention programs 11. Research whose purpose is to advance our knowledge with little concern for any immediate, practical benefits is called: ANS: D PG: 4 a. applied research. b. evaluation research. c. descriptive research. d. basic research. 12. Which of the following statements is true of applied research? ANS: D PG: 4 ANS: B PG: 4 a. It is designed with a practical outcome in mind. b. It assumes that some group or society as a whole will gain specific benefits from the research. c. It is mostly concerned with the advancement of our knowledge about human behavior. d. It is designed with a practical outcome in mind, and it assumes that some group or society as a whole will gain specific benefits from the research. 13. Which of the following statements is true? a. There is a clear cut line that distinguishes between basic and applied research. b. Basic research can have applications in the human service field. c. The research that is of most use to the human services is research that combines both basic research and applied research. d. Basic research is rarely of use in the human service field. 14. Which of the following is NOT one of the focal areas in which the linkage between research and the human services occurs? ANS: C PG: 5 a. understanding human functioning in social environments b. needs assessment c. pilot testing d. program evaluation 15. Which of the following would be the best illustration of the "assessment of client functioning" focal area? ANS: C PG: 5 a. a study of sub-cultural values among American adolescents to assist in the delivery of services to pregnant teenagers b. a comparison of the effectiveness of two different forms of psychotherapy as a way of dealing with feelings of inadequacy c. a study of how a particular couple communicates and manages child behavior problems d. a study of whether intensive foster care is more effective than institutional placement in dealing with the problems of emotionally disturbed preadolescents 16. "The use of scientific research techniques to assess the results of a program and evaluate whether the program as currently designed achieves its stated goals" refers to which of the following focal areas? a. program evaluation b. practice effectiveness evaluation c. assessment of client functioning d. needs assessment ANS: A PG: 6 17. Which of the following types of research is most clearly linked in the text with the focal area of “practice effectiveness evaluation”? a. pure research b. explanatory research c. program evaluation d. single-system design ANS: D PG: 6 18. Which of the following is true regarding the comparison of program evaluation and practice effectiveness evaluation? a. They are interchangeable research methodologies. b. Practice effectiveness involves the evaluation of a whole program. c. Program evaluation focuses on the outcome of entire programs while practice evaluation focuses on a particular aspect of a practice situation. d. Program evaluation emphasizes the assessment of limited aspects of a practice situation. ANS: C PG: 6 19. According to the approach to human-service practice known as “evidence-based practice,” the best evidence for use in practice is that which: a. b. c. d. 20. According a. b. c. d. is consistent with the practitioner’s intuition. is helpful to most clients. has been gained via the research process. utilizes statistical tools. to the text, evidence-based practice has emerged because: the human services now place less emphasis on accountability. human service practice has been shown to be highly effective. there is a growing body of social-science research evidence that can guide practice. human-service practice has modeled itself on the biological sciences. ANS: C PG: 6 ANS: C PG: 6,8 21. A central part of the evidence-based approach to the human services is to: ANS: A PG:6,8 a. critically evaluate research studies to determine how much confidence we have in their conclusions. b. base practice decisions on intuition rather than research. c. collaborate with other practitioners but not with researchers. d. none of the other answers are true. 22. In regard to conducting research on minorities and women, the text states that: ANS: C a. affirmative action requires the same research methods used on non-minorities be used on minority groups. b. most human service research is conducted on minorities. c. standard research methods can result in misleading conclusions when used with minorities. d. standard research methods rarely produce misleading results when used with minorities. PG: 8 23. The first step in conducting social research is: a. research design development. b. problem formulation. c. literature review. d. data collection. ANS: B PG: 9 24. The detailed plan developed by a researcher to outline how observations that are a part of a research project will be made is called: a. a research design. b. a pretest. c. an intervention strategy. d. clinical science. ANS: A PG: 9 25. A pretest relates most closely to which stage of social research? a. problem formulation b. problem assessment c. data collection d. drawing conclusions ANS: C PG: 9 26. Two aspects of the data collection stage of research that show how careful scientists are about data collection are called pretests and: ANS: B PG: 9 a. statistics. b. pilot studies. c. hypotheses. d. predictions. 27. The purpose of a pretest is to: ANS: D PG: 9 a. b. c. d. 29. Statistical a. b. c. d. pilot study. pretest. applied research project. needs assessment. tools would be applied to a research project during which of the following stages? data collection evaluation data analysis drawing conclusions ANS: B PG: 9 ANS: C PG: 10 a. get an early determination of whether the research results will turn out as you anticipate. b. notify people that they will be a part of a research project. c. determine whether the statistical procedures to be used in the data analysis stage are appropriate. d. determine whether the data-gathering techniques to be used are adequate. 28. A researcher has a group of people complete a preliminary version of a questionnaire in order to determine whether any revision in the questionnaire is called for. This researcher has conducted a/an: 30. During which stage of the research process would you assess how much support exists for the hypotheses stated in the research? a. a pilot study b. drawing conclusions c. public dissemination of results d. evaluation ANS: B PG: 10 31. The final stage in the process of social research is: a. data analysis. ANS: C PG: 10 b. drawing conclusions. c. public dissemination of results. d. closure. 32. The "implementation" step in human service practice would be most equivalent to which stage of social research? a. data analysis b. research design development c. data collection d. drawing conclusions ANS: C PG: 11 33. The stage of “drawing conclusions” in social research would be parallel to which stage in human service practice? a. closure b. documentation and dissemination c. evaluation d. implementation ANS: A PG: 11 34. At the evaluation stage of practice intervention, the evidence-based model would emphasize the employment of: a. single-system designs. b. systematic assessment strategies. c. public dissemination of results. d. single-system designs, and systematic assessment strategies. ANS: D PG: 11 35. The _______________ stage of social research is the parallel to the _______________ step of human service practice. a. research design development ...formulation of intervention strategy b. data collection ...evaluation c. data analysis ...implementation d. research design development ...problem assessment ANS: A PG: 11 36. At the implementation stage of human service practice, practitioners are primarily concerned with: ANS: B PG: 11 ANS: D PG: 12 a. developing a strategy for intervention that will be effective in alleviating a problem. b. carrying out an intervention strategy that will produce some change in clients. c. collecting data that are the means of testing hypotheses in the research. d. assessing the effectiveness of the intervention strategy in bringing about change in a client. 37. Which of the following would be a part of the "closure" step of human service practice? a. determine the extent to which intervention has been effective b. determine the degree to which the goals of intervention cannot be achieved c. suggest other sources of help that a client could use to cope with problems still unresolved by the intervention d. all of the other answers represent parts of "closure" 38. During the stage of “documentation and dissemination,” a human service practitioner would be most likely to: a. use statistical tools to conduct data analysis. b. prepare treatment plans and case closing reports. c. use pretests and pilot studies. d. assess how much support exists for hypotheses. ANS: B PG: 12 39. If social agencies are to become “research machines,” the text suggests that they do which of the following? ANS: D PG: 13 a. Build research questions into the routine collection of case information. b. Structure practice so that goals and targets are clearly specified. c. Structure practice so that intervention is clearly specified. d. Social agencies should do all of the other answers. 40. Which of the following statements best reflects the current role of information technologies in human service practice and research? ANS: C PG: 14 a. Computers are used only for data analysis functions in large scale research projects. b. Computers are used to store data on clients, but this data is not appropriate for research purposes. c. Computers have become an integral part of both practice and research activities. d. While computers are commonly used in research, there are no practical applications available today for human service delivery purposes. Essay Questions 1. Identify the characteristics that constitute "scientific practice." 2. What characteristics distinguish social research from other activities that are sometimes called "research?" 3. Define and give examples of the four goals of social research. 4. Distinguish between basic and applied research and give an example of each. 5. Define and give examples of the five focal areas of research in the human services. 6. Describe the approach of evidence-based practice in the human services. Explain some of the reasons for why it has emerged. 7. Identify the five steps in conducting research and describe what happens at each step. 8. Identify the five steps in human service practice and describe what happens at each step. 9. What is the topic of “collaboration,” as discussed in the text, and why is it so important? How does it relate to social agencies serving as “research machines”? 10. Discuss how modern information technologies are being applied to both human service research and practice.