Sports In Society 12th Edition By Coakley - Test Bank

Chapter 03 Sports and Socialization: Who Plays and What Happens to Them? Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to the definition used in Chapter 3, socialization refers to a process that A. molds people into productive citizens. B. permanently alters a person's genetic predispositions. C. involves social development and learning about social worlds. D. occurs only during a person's formative years in childhood. 2. The definition of socialization used by the author is based on A. a social interaction model. B. a role theory model. C. a personal internalization model. D. a structural model. 3. Recent studies of socialization are based on social interaction models rather than personal internalization models. Social interaction models emphasize that human beings are A. products of society. B. victims of economic forces in society. C. active decision makers who give meaning to their experiences. D. social creatures who seek approval from others in whatever they do. 4. In recent years, those who study sports and socialization have tended to use research methods that emphasize A. measurable personality changes among athletes. B. qualitative data that provide detailed descriptions of sport experiences. C. statistical analysis of data collected from large samples of people. D. data collected through surveys, questionnaires, and historical records. 5. Carefully designed studies based on structural theories and a personal internalization model of socialization have found that three things are related to becoming involved in sports. Which of the following is NOT one of those things? A. A person's abilities. B. The availability of opportunities to play sports. C. The influence of significant others. D. A person's willingness to practice even when not having fun. 6. Studies using a qualitative approach have found that becoming involved and staying involved in sports primarily is the result of A. what parents want their children to do with their lives. B. the needs of the social system of which a person is a part. C. social forces that exist outside people and determine their decisions. D. continuing processes of decision-making in people's lives. 7. When Sharon Wheeler interviewed British elementary school children for whom sports were important, she found that their sport participation was linked to A. a process of gaining access to the equipment needed for training. B. opportunities to take physical education classes. C. the routine and lifestyle of their families. D. the influence of the local neighborhood culture. 8. In the United States, the young people most likely to receive encouragement from friends, family, coaches, and teachers to play sports if they A. have Asian heritage. B. are African Americans. C. are Caucasians. D. have Latino heritage. 9. After doing in-depth interviews with British adolescents from working class British families, Anita White and Jay Coakley concluded that sport participation among these young people was the result of A. the policies and programs of the British Sports Council. B. continuous decisions made over time by young people. C. rapidly changing fads related to fitness and sports. D. influence coming from other young people they knew and respected. 10. The in-depth interviews done by Anita White and Jay Coakley indicated that young people are most likely to participate in sports when they A. wanted to feel childlike. B. wanted to escape negative circumstances in their lives. C. thought they had a good chance of playing at a professional level. D. saw sports as linked to their own growth and development. 11. When Peter Donnelly and Kevin Young used data from interviews with rock climbers and rugby players they concluded that becoming an athlete involved A. acquiring knowledge and developing an identity as an athlete. B. gaining sponsorships from a corporation with power and influence. C. being recognized as a person with a desire to play a sport. D. taking risks in a sport so that physical skills are seen by other athletes. 12. Becoming involved and staying involved in sports is grounded in a series of processes. Which of the following is NOT one of those processes? A. Personality revisions. B. Self-reflection. C. Social support. D. Identity formation. 13. Research done during the latter half of the twentieth century have helped us understand the process of changing or ending sport participation. Which of the following is NOT one of the findings in that research? A. Dropping out of a sport often occurs in connection with other changes in a person's life. B. When people stop playing a sport, they generally do not cut all ties with sports. C. Decisions to drop out of sports are sometimes made due to negative experiences in sports. D. People drop out of sports only when they are victims of exploitation by coaches. 14. In the summary of Coakley's analysis of "burnout," it is pointed out that when elite young athletes drop out of a sport they usually do it because they A. are tired of making decisions about their sport careers. B. are overwhelmed by the publicity and celebrity associated with their lives. C. see sport participation as an obstacle to developing personal autonomy. D. fear learning new things about themselves and their abilities. 15. When Konstantinos Koukouris interviewed former athletes in Greece, he discovered that decisions to end or change sport participation were primarily associated with A. being cut by a coach or sponsor who criticized their sport skills. B. the need to take responsibility for their own lives and support themselves. C. a personal desire to cut all ties with sports and sports lifestyles. D. a refusal to use new technologies for high performance training. 16. Garry Wheeler's study of the careers of athletes with disabilities indicated that the main challenge athletes faced when they retired involved A. reinvesting time and energy into other spheres of life. B. recovering from sport injuries and dealing with mobility issues. C. accepting the permanence of their disability. D. learning to live with negative stereotypes. 17. Research indicates that when people retire from sports they are most likely to have problems if they A. discontinued sport participation voluntarily. B. have no awards or records to sustain their sport memories. C. never developed a close relationship with a coach. D. have few experiences outside the culture of sports. 18. A widespread belief long held by many people in North America is that playing sports A. builds character among participants. B. should not be encouraged until children are 12 years old. C. is beneficial for girls but not for boys. D. over long periods of time interferes with character development. 19. Past studies of socialization based on a personal internalization model have produced inconclusive and inconsistent findings because researchers have mistakenly assumed that A. athletes automatically resist negative influences coming from coaches. B. all athletes have unique and similar experiences in all sports. C. sports are similar to all other leisure activities engaged in by young people. D. character is usually formed by the time a person is 14 years old. 20. When evaluating research on what happens in sports, it's important not to overlook the fact that A. different sports offer all athletes the same experiences. B. the meanings that people give to sports remain the same over time. C. sports offer experiences that are not available in other activities. D. different people define similar sport experiences in different ways. 21. A review of socialization research led the author to conclude that the impact that sports and sport participation have on people depends on A. the characteristics of parents and coaches. B. the meanings people give to sports in their lives. C. the ethical principles used by sport organizations. D. the quality of the role models they see in sports. 22. A review of socialization research led the author to conclude that sport participation is most likely to have positive socialization consequences when it A. it limits a person's relationships to coaches and teammates. B. it keeps people off the streets and in the locker room. C. provides opportunities to expand experiences outside of sports. D. teaches people how to compete against others. 23. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of power and performance sports? A. An emphasis on winning and setting records. B. Proving excellence through competitive success. C. Pushing human limits and dominating opponents. D. Avoiding technology that might improve performance. 24. Pleasure and participation sports tend to emphasize A. the importance of achievement and progress. B. connections with other people and the environment. C. the notion of competing against others rather than with others. D. the idea that pleasure depends on competitive success. 25. Power and performance sports are dominant today primarily because they A. emphasize competition and validate the status of wealthy people. B. promote popular ideas about human evolution and progress. C. enable powerful people to use their physical skills to dominate others. D. are associated with beliefs about the need for progressive political action. 26. Data on health, physical activity, and sports indicates that A. some competitive sports have high health costs because injury rates are high. B. playing rigorous competitive sports extends life expectancy beyond average. C. good medical care has made most heavy-contact sports safer than aerobics. D. playing competitive sports involves pressures to avoid playing while injured. 27. Data on sports and obesity indicate that A. obesity rates are usually low in societies where sports are popular. B. players in the NFL have the lowest obesity rates of all pro athletes. C. athletes learn good eating practices when they play competitive sports. D. the popularity of sports does not automatically lead to reduced obesity rates. 28. Most people in the sociology of sport today do not see sports as causes of specific socialization outcomes. Instead, they view sports as A. health and wellness activities. B. commercial activities unrelated to social development. C. negative activities that distort the way that people see the world. D. sites for experiences that influence different people in different ways. 29. Nancy Theberge's study of an elite women's ice hockey team in Canada found that locker room interaction among the players involved A. hostile remarks about sex and sexuality. B. degrading talk about men and relationships with men. C. controlled forms of expression through which feelings were often hidden. D. talk that gave meaning to the experience of playing hockey. 30. The research done by Eric Anderson prior to 2001 generally indicated that A. anti-gay locker room talk was never taken serious by gay or lesbian athletes. B. team sports were more gay-friendly than individual sports. C. gay men and lesbians seldom took sports seriously in their lives. D. combining a gay identity with a sport identity often was challenging. 31. The studies done by Anderson and his colleague between 2000 and 2010 indicated that A. masculinity became more rigidly defined in mot men's sports. B. gay male athletes were more likely to come out but less likely remain in sports. C. sport cultures enforced a "don't ask, don't tell" policy about sexual identity. D. homophobia declined in many sport cultures. 32. The author uses the term "social world" to refer to a A. special place that people go to enjoy relationships with other people. B. set of relationships that dominate a person's life. C. way of life and mindset that people develop in a particular setting. D. set of media-generated images that shape how people think and act. 33. When Patti and Peter Adler studied a big-time intercollegiate men's basketball team, they discovered that team members gradually A. experienced a form of burnout that ended most of their careers. B. became so engulfed in their course work that they ignored their social lives. C. developed a strong dislike of their coaches and fellow team members. D. viewed the world almost exclusively in terms of their identities as athletes. 34. Loic Wacquant's study of the social world of boxers in a Chicago gym indicated that boxing A. enabled young men to learn violent strategies they could use on the streets. B. sheltered young men from the destructive influences of the streets. C. involved so much discipline that most young men dropped out. D. became a major gang initiation ritual in the neighborhood around the gym. 35. Some sociologists now study socialization as a community and cultural process. The research of these sociologists tends to focus on A. the relationships between athletes and leaders in community politics. B. sports as sites where people learn stories they use to make sense of their lives. C. sports as art forms that are crucial entertainment activities in most communities. D. the ways that sports secretly shape character and social life in societies. 36. When researchers use cultural theories and a poststructuralist approach to study community-based socialization processes, they focus on A. the ways that tax money is spent in a community. B. the roles of coaches and teachers in community life. C. relationships between religious organizations and the schools in a town. D. whose stories about sports become dominant in a culture. 37. Research on sports and socialization as a community and cultural process is partly inspired by the ideas of Antonio Gramsci. Using Gramsci's ideas, sociologists see sports as important in connection with socialization because sports are A. activities that people can do by themselves or with others. B. shaped by system needs in society. C. popular forms of excitement and pleasure. D. forms of physical labor. 38. According to an analysis of sports and society based on Gramsci's ideas, sports are important social phenomena because they are A. vehicles for creating disagreement and social conflict in society. B. mechanisms for promoting democracy and the common good in society. C. activities that distract attention away from issues of ideology. D. contexts through which ideological messages can be presented to people. 39. Many sociologists see sports as important because sports are involved in hegemonic processes in society. Hegemony refers to a social process through which A. people come to agree with and accept particular ideologies. B. privileged people in society share their resources and power with others. C. people identify system needs in a society and work to satisfy those needs. D. class-based forms of social conflict become disruptive in society. 40. When the author paraphrases Gramsci's conclusion about hegemony, he says that "it is difficult to fight an enemy that A. plays sports every day." B. has outposts in your head." C. works harder than you do." D. will do anything to win." 41. When anthropologist Doug Foley did an ethnography of a small Texas town he found that the everyday stories created around high school football tended to A. improve that status of low income families because their boys played football. B. reaffirm established ways of thinking and doing things in the town. C. encourage young women in the ton to play contact sports. D. disrupt popular ideas about social inequality. 42. Focusing on socialization as a community and cultural process, David Andrews studied the "persona" created in connection with Michael Jordan during the 1990s. He concludes that through media images of Jordan, the "Jordan persona" was A. used to raise critical questions about race and gender in society. B. tied to the legacies of colonialism and racism around the world. C. intentionally detached from African American experiences and culture. D. cleverly linked with inner-city, minority lifestyles in many societies. Chapter 03 Sports and Socialization: Who Plays and What Happens to Them? Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to the definition used in Chapter 3, socialization refers to a process that A. molds people into productive citizens. B. permanently alters a person's genetic predispositions. C. involves social development and learning about social worlds. D. occurs only during a person's formative years in childhood. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: What is Socialization? 2. The definition of socialization used by the author is based on A. a social interaction model. B. a role theory model. C. a personal internalization model. D. a structural model. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: What is Socialization? 3. Recent studies of socialization are based on social interaction models rather than personal internalization models. Social interaction models emphasize that human beings are A. products of society. B. victims of economic forces in society. C. active decision makers who give meaning to their experiences. D. social creatures who seek approval from others in whatever they do. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: What is Socialization? 4. In recent years, those who study sports and socialization have tended to use research methods that emphasize A. measurable personality changes among athletes. B. qualitative data that provide detailed descriptions of sport experiences. C. statistical analysis of data collected from large samples of people. D. data collected through surveys, questionnaires, and historical records. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: What is Socialization? 5. Carefully designed studies based on structural theories and a personal internalization model of socialization have found that three things are related to becoming involved in sports. Which of the following is NOT one of those things? A. A person's abilities. B. The availability of opportunities to play sports. C. The influence of significant others. D. A person's willingness to practice even when not having fun. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: What is Socialization? 6. Studies using a qualitative approach have found that becoming involved and staying involved in sports primarily is the result of A. what parents want their children to do with their lives. B. the needs of the social system of which a person is a part. C. social forces that exist outside people and determine their decisions. D. continuing processes of decision-making in people's lives. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Becoming and Staying Involved in Sports 7. When Sharon Wheeler interviewed British elementary school children for whom sports were important, she found that their sport participation was linked to A. a process of gaining access to the equipment needed for training. B. opportunities to take physical education classes. C. the routine and lifestyle of their families. D. the influence of the local neighborhood culture. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Becoming and Staying Involved in Sports 8. In the United States, the young people most likely to receive encouragement from friends, family, coaches, and teachers to play sports if they A. have Asian heritage. B. are African Americans. C. are Caucasians. D. have Latino heritage. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Becoming and Staying Involved in Sports 9. After doing in-depth interviews with British adolescents from working class British families, Anita White and Jay Coakley concluded that sport participation among these young people was the result of A. the policies and programs of the British Sports Council. B. continuous decisions made over time by young people. C. rapidly changing fads related to fitness and sports. D. influence coming from other young people they knew and respected. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Becoming and Staying Involved in Sports 10. The in-depth interviews done by Anita White and Jay Coakley indicated that young people are most likely to participate in sports when they A. wanted to feel childlike. B. wanted to escape negative circumstances in their lives. C. thought they had a good chance of playing at a professional level. D. saw sports as linked to their own growth and development. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Becoming and Staying Involved in Sports 11. When Peter Donnelly and Kevin Young used data from interviews with rock climbers and rugby players they concluded that becoming an athlete involved A. acquiring knowledge and developing an identity as an athlete. B. gaining sponsorships from a corporation with power and influence. C. being recognized as a person with a desire to play a sport. D. taking risks in a sport so that physical skills are seen by other athletes. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Becoming and Staying Involved in Sports 12. Becoming involved and staying involved in sports is grounded in a series of processes. Which of the following is NOT one of those processes? A. Personality revisions. B. Self-reflection. C. Social support. D. Identity formation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Becoming and Staying Involved in Sports 13. Research done during the latter half of the twentieth century have helped us understand the process of changing or ending sport participation. Which of the following is NOT one of the findings in that research? A. Dropping out of a sport often occurs in connection with other changes in a person's life. B. When people stop playing a sport, they generally do not cut all ties with sports. C. Decisions to drop out of sports are sometimes made due to negative experiences in sports. D. People drop out of sports only when they are victims of exploitation by coaches. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Changing or Ending Sport Participation 14. In the summary of Coakley's analysis of "burnout," it is pointed out that when elite young athletes drop out of a sport they usually do it because they A. are tired of making decisions about their sport careers. B. are overwhelmed by the publicity and celebrity associated with their lives. C. see sport participation as an obstacle to developing personal autonomy. D. fear learning new things about themselves and their abilities. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Changing or Ending Sport Participation 15. When Konstantinos Koukouris interviewed former athletes in Greece, he discovered that decisions to end or change sport participation were primarily associated with A. being cut by a coach or sponsor who criticized their sport skills. B. the need to take responsibility for their own lives and support themselves. C. a personal desire to cut all ties with sports and sports lifestyles. D. a refusal to use new technologies for high performance training. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Changing or Ending Sport Participation 16. Garry Wheeler's study of the careers of athletes with disabilities indicated that the main challenge athletes faced when they retired involved A. reinvesting time and energy into other spheres of life. B. recovering from sport injuries and dealing with mobility issues. C. accepting the permanence of their disability. D. learning to live with negative stereotypes. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Changing or Ending Sport Participation 17. Research indicates that when people retire from sports they are most likely to have problems if they A. discontinued sport participation voluntarily. B. have no awards or records to sustain their sport memories. C. never developed a close relationship with a coach. D. have few experiences outside the culture of sports. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Changing or Ending Sport Participation 18. A widespread belief long held by many people in North America is that playing sports A. builds character among participants. B. should not be encouraged until children are 12 years old. C. is beneficial for girls but not for boys. D. over long periods of time interferes with character development. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Being Involved in Sports: What Happens? 19. Past studies of socialization based on a personal internalization model have produced inconclusive and inconsistent findings because researchers have mistakenly assumed that A. athletes automatically resist negative influences coming from coaches. B. all athletes have unique and similar experiences in all sports. C. sports are similar to all other leisure activities engaged in by young people. D. character is usually formed by the time a person is 14 years old. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Being Involved in Sports: What Happens? 20. When evaluating research on what happens in sports, it's important not to overlook the fact that A. different sports offer all athletes the same experiences. B. the meanings that people give to sports remain the same over time. C. sports offer experiences that are not available in other activities. D. different people define similar sport experiences in different ways. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Being Involved in Sports: What Happens? 21. A review of socialization research led the author to conclude that the impact that sports and sport participation have on people depends on A. the characteristics of parents and coaches. B. the meanings people give to sports in their lives. C. the ethical principles used by sport organizations. D. the quality of the role models they see in sports. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Being Involved in Sports: What Happens? 22. A review of socialization research led the author to conclude that sport participation is most likely to have positive socialization consequences when it A. it limits a person's relationships to coaches and teammates. B. it keeps people off the streets and in the locker room. C. provides opportunities to expand experiences outside of sports. D. teaches people how to compete against others. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Being Involved in Sports: What Happens? 23. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of power and performance sports? A. An emphasis on winning and setting records. B. Proving excellence through competitive success. C. Pushing human limits and dominating opponents. D. Avoiding technology that might improve performance. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; Power and Performance versus Pleasure and Participation 24. Pleasure and participation sports tend to emphasize A. the importance of achievement and progress. B. connections with other people and the environment. C. the notion of competing against others rather than with others. D. the idea that pleasure depends on competitive success. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; Power and Performance versus Pleasure and Participation 25. Power and performance sports are dominant today primarily because they A. emphasize competition and validate the status of wealthy people. B. promote popular ideas about human evolution and progress. C. enable powerful people to use their physical skills to dominate others. D. are associated with beliefs about the need for progressive political action. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; Power and Performance versus Pleasure and Participation 26. Data on health, physical activity, and sports indicates that A. some competitive sports have high health costs because injury rates are high. B. playing rigorous competitive sports extends life expectancy beyond average. C. good medical care has made most heavy-contact sports safer than aerobics. D. playing competitive sports involves pressures to avoid playing while injured. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Being Involved in Sports: What Happens? 27. Data on sports and obesity indicate that A. obesity rates are usually low in societies where sports are popular. B. players in the NFL have the lowest obesity rates of all pro athletes. C. athletes learn good eating practices when they play competitive sports. D. the popularity of sports does not automatically lead to reduced obesity rates. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Being Involved in Sports: What Happens? 28. Most people in the sociology of sport today do not see sports as causes of specific socialization outcomes. Instead, they view sports as A. health and wellness activities. B. commercial activities unrelated to social development. C. negative activities that distort the way that people see the world. D. sites for experiences that influence different people in different ways. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: How Do Sports Affect Our Lives? 29. Nancy Theberge's study of an elite women's ice hockey team in Canada found that locker room interaction among the players involved A. hostile remarks about sex and sexuality. B. degrading talk about men and relationships with men. C. controlled forms of expression through which feelings were often hidden. D. talk that gave meaning to the experience of playing hockey. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: How Do Sports Affect Our Lives? 30. The research done by Eric Anderson prior to 2001 generally indicated that A. anti-gay locker room talk was never taken serious by gay or lesbian athletes. B. team sports were more gay-friendly than individual sports. C. gay men and lesbians seldom took sports seriously in their lives. D. combining a gay identity with a sport identity often was challenging. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: How Do Sports Affect Our Lives? 31. The studies done by Anderson and his colleague between 2000 and 2010 indicated that A. masculinity became more rigidly defined in mot men's sports. B. gay male athletes were more likely to come out but less likely remain in sports. C. sport cultures enforced a "don't ask, don't tell" policy about sexual identity. D. homophobia declined in many sport cultures. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: How Do Sports Affect Our Lives? 32. The author uses the term "social world" to refer to a A. special place that people go to enjoy relationships with other people. B. set of relationships that dominate a person's life. C. way of life and mindset that people develop in a particular setting. D. set of media-generated images that shape how people think and act. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: How Do Sports Affect Our Lives? 33. When Patti and Peter Adler studied a big-time intercollegiate men's basketball team, they discovered that team members gradually A. experienced a form of burnout that ended most of their careers. B. became so engulfed in their course work that they ignored their social lives. C. developed a strong dislike of their coaches and fellow team members. D. viewed the world almost exclusively in terms of their identities as athletes. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: How Do Sports Affect Our Lives? 34. Loic Wacquant's study of the social world of boxers in a Chicago gym indicated that boxing A. enabled young men to learn violent strategies they could use on the streets. B. sheltered young men from the destructive influences of the streets. C. involved so much discipline that most young men dropped out. D. became a major gang initiation ritual in the neighborhood around the gym. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: How Do Sports Affect Our Lives? 35. Some sociologists now study socialization as a community and cultural process. The research of these sociologists tends to focus on A. the relationships between athletes and leaders in community politics. B. sports as sites where people learn stories they use to make sense of their lives. C. sports as art forms that are crucial entertainment activities in most communities. D. the ways that sports secretly shape character and social life in societies. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: How Do Sports Affect Our Lives? 36. When researchers use cultural theories and a poststructuralist approach to study community-based socialization processes, they focus on A. the ways that tax money is spent in a community. B. the roles of coaches and teachers in community life. C. relationships between religious organizations and the schools in a town. D. whose stories about sports become dominant in a culture. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: How Do Sports Affect Our Lives? 37. Research on sports and socialization as a community and cultural process is partly inspired by the ideas of Antonio Gramsci. Using Gramsci's ideas, sociologists see sports as important in connection with socialization because sports are A. activities that people can do by themselves or with others. B. shaped by system needs in society. C. popular forms of excitement and pleasure. D. forms of physical labor. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: How Do Sports Affect Our Lives? 38. According to an analysis of sports and society based on Gramsci's ideas, sports are important social phenomena because they are A. vehicles for creating disagreement and social conflict in society. B. mechanisms for promoting democracy and the common good in society. C. activities that distract attention away from issues of ideology. D. contexts through which ideological messages can be presented to people. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: How Do Sports Affect Our Lives? 39. Many sociologists see sports as important because sports are involved in hegemonic processes in society. Hegemony refers to a social process through which A. people come to agree with and accept particular ideologies. B. privileged people in society share their resources and power with others. C. people identify system needs in a society and work to satisfy those needs. D. class-based forms of social conflict become disruptive in society. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: How Do Sports Affect Our Lives? 40. When the author paraphrases Gramsci's conclusion about hegemony, he says that "it is difficult to fight an enemy that A. plays sports every day." B. has outposts in your head." C. works harder than you do." D. will do anything to win." Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: How Do Sports Affect Our Lives? 41. When anthropologist Doug Foley did an ethnography of a small Texas town he found that the everyday stories created around high school football tended to A. improve that status of low income families because their boys played football. B. reaffirm established ways of thinking and doing things in the town. C. encourage young women in the ton to play contact sports. D. disrupt popular ideas about social inequality. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: How Do Sports Affect Our Lives? 42. Focusing on socialization as a community and cultural process, David Andrews studied the "persona" created in connection with Michael Jordan during the 1990s. He concludes that through media images of Jordan, the "Jordan persona" was A. used to raise critical questions about race and gender in society. B. tied to the legacies of colonialism and racism around the world. C. intentionally detached from African American experiences and culture. D. cleverly linked with inner-city, minority lifestyles in many societies. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: How Do Sports Affect Our Lives? Chapter 08 Race and Ethnicity: Are They Important in Sports? Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions 1. Sports are described in this chapter as "sites" where A. people from all backgrounds are automatically treated as equals. B. skin color is erased as a relevant characteristic. C. meanings associated with skin color are always grounded in racism. D. ideas about skin color and ethnicity are formed, reaffirmed, and put into action. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Chapter Introduction 2. Race is used in the chapter to refer to a population of people who are believed to be A. distinct from others in terms of heritage and customs. B. naturally or biologically distinct from other populations. C. socially distinctive in terms of dress and cultural habits. D. victims of systematic discrimination and mistreatment. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Defining Race and Ethnicity 3. Ethnic population is used in the chapter to refer to a category of people regarded as socially distinct because they A. live in similar neighborhoods and communities. B. have physical traits matched with their cultures. C. share a history, a way of life, and an identity. D. have experienced long term discrimination and mistreatment. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Defining Race and Ethnicity 4. A minority as used in the chapter refers to a socially identified population that A. comes from another country and experience difficulties during migration. B. shares a sense of unity and suffers disadvantages due to discrimination. C. shares a physical trait that other people define as unique and different. D. interacts with each other and segregates themselves from others. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Defining Race and Ethnicity 5. Using the definitions in the chapter, Native People in the U.S. would be A. an ethnic group that is not a minority group. B. a racial group that is not a minority group. C. a racial group that is not an ethnic group. D. an ethnic group that also is a minority group. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Defining Race and Ethnicity 6. The idea of race was first developed by A. European explorers as they encountered diverse people around the globe. B. Egyptians when they needed slave labor to build the pyramids. C. Puritans in American colonies as they interacted with "Indians." D. South Africans as they met explorers sailing around the people from cold climates were stronger than people from warm climates. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 7. Racial ideology is a web of ideas and beliefs that is used to A. eliminate the use of destructive racial stereotypes in social interaction. B. classify and evaluate people in terms of meanings given to skin color. C. explain the ways that climate has affected the nature of human populations. D. support the work of scientists who study genetics. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 8. When European peoples were exploring and colonizing the globe, they developed racial classification systems and ideologies allowing them to conclude that A. white-skinned people deserved their power around the world. B. dark-skinned people had histories similar to histories of white Europeans. C. dark-skinned people were physically handicapped. D. people from cold climates were stronger than people from warm climates. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 9. The racial ideology that became widely accepted in the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries supported white Americans as they sought to A. accurately identify the heritage of various mixed-race people. B. keep the black race biologically pure. C. encourage mixed-race marriages. D. justify political expansion and racial segregation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 10. Racial ideology became important to support Jim Crow Laws. These laws A. made it illegal to hire black workers. B. forced blacks to stay in southern states. C. enforced racial segregation in public settings. D. defined all people from southern Europe as "colored." Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 11. Dominant racial ideology in the U.S. during most of the 20th century was based on the belief that whiteness was a pure and innately special racial category. This belief A. enabled all ethnic groups from Europe to qualify for immediate citizenship. B. has created a deep cultural acceptance of racial segregations and inequalities. C. has provided strong support for affirmative action policies. D. created a link between skin color and athletic potential. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 12. Recent research in biology and genetics has led to the conclusion that A. the concept of race has no biological validity. B. people in different races have many deep biological differences. C. popular racial classification systems are valid biological tools. D. races have always existed and will continue to exist forever. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 13. An accurate view of race today is that it is A. a useful concept for classifying people into categories of intellectual potential. B. a valid biological concept to use in Africa but not in North America. C. an idea being preserved by ethnic minorities in search of identity. D. a biological myth based on social created ideas about human variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 14. The classification systems that are popularly used to divide all human beings into specific and distinct racial categories are based on A. social meanings given to certain biological traits. B. objectively identifiable genetic differences between groups of people. C. unchanging statistical differences between people in particular gene pools. D. long-term patterns of intermarriage within groups of people. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 15. The classification systems usually used to distinguish races are based on A. the idea that there are three main races. B. the same ideas and criteria in every major culture around the world. C. continuous rather than discrete traits. D. genetic traits that determine distinct behavior patterns. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 16. When people use continuous traits as a basis for identifying races, A. it is clear that there are three major races. B. there is no limit on the number of races that can be identified. C. they assume that there are racial differences in athletic potential. D. they base their racial classifications on scientific evidence. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 17. Racial ideology in the United States is based on the one-drop rule. The original purpose of this rule was to A. accurately identify the heritage of various mixed-race people. B. keep the black race biologically pure. C. encourage mixed-race marriages. D. maintain power and property in the hands of white men. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 18. Tiger Woods, the popular and successful professional golfer, identifies himself as A. African American. B. North American. C. Cablinasian. D. Black-Asian. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 19. A major problem with racial ideology today is that it A. has been used to justify programs such as affirmative action. B. supports the existence of racism and the use of racial stereotypes. C. has led to the conclusion that all people have the same genetic potential. D. leads people to conclude that there is no such thing as racial purity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 20. Racism is defined as attitudes, actions, and policies based on the belief that people in one racial category are A. unique compared to people in other racial categories. B. likely to dislike people in other racial categories. C. likely to exert power over people in other racial categories. D. inherently superior to people in one or more other categories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 21. When Joe Louis won the heavyweight boxing championship in 1935, many white sports journalists used the racial ideology of that era to attribute his victory to A. the white manager and trainer, who guided Louis' development as a boxer. B. the nationalist support Louis received from the American people. C. Louis's instincts and animal-like characteristics as a black man. D. a work ethic deeply grounded in the values of his parents. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 22. When dominant racial ideology has been used to explain the success of athletes with white skin, there has usually been an emphasis on the importance of A. cultural factors. B. genetic factors. C. personality factors. D. natural physical abilities. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 23. When "whiteness" is used as the taken-for-granted standard against which everything else is viewed, the success of black athletes is A. explained in terms of cultural factors by whites. B. seen by whites as a "problem" in need of explanation. C. seldom covered in the mainstream media. D. defined by whites as a result of luck. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 24. In the box, "Jumping Genes" in Black Bodies, it is noted that much of the research devoted to identifying performance differences by skin color is based on the idea that A. physical abilities vary from one culture to another depending on climate. B. skin color is more important for whites than blacks and other people of color. C. genes operate independently of the physical and social environment. D. jumping is a complex physical activity influenced by cultural factors. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; "Jumping Genes" in Black Bodies 25. The statement that "white men can't jump" is not defined as a racial slur by most whites, because A. whites don't play sports in which any jumping ability is an advantage. B. jumping ability has nothing to do with success, power, or wealth in society. C. blacks who say this are usually joking and say it only when they're with friends. D. it is not seen as being applicable to white female athletes from Europe. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; "Jumping Genes" in Black Bodies 26. The author hypothesizes that dominant racial ideology influences athletic performance among black men in many societies because it encourages those men to A. feel a sense of destiny to become great athletes in certain sports. B. have extremely high levels of self-confidence in all realms of social life. C. avoid power and performance sports. D. ignore many of the opportunities to play sports in public schools. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 27. The most effective way for people to defuse the influence of racial ideology is to A. use humor and sarcasm when referring to race or dealing with racial issues. B. ignore race and skin color in all social relationships and situations. C. learn each other's history and heritage and work together to achieve goals. D. compete against each other in sports and other activities. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 28. Research suggests that racial ideology would most interfere with the establishment of academic identities among A. white females who do not play sports. B. black females who do not play sports. C. black male athletes. D. white male athletes. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 29. In the discussion of how racial ideology influences choices to play sports it is noted that ideology influences A. blacks but not whites. B. white men but not white women. C. both blacks and whites. D. whites but not blacks. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 30. Black male athletes have become valuable entertainment commodities in sports emphasizing power and domination partly because A. many whites are fascinated by the movements of black male bodies. B. black men have been segregated in schools that emphasize sports. C. whites have simply refused to compete with blacks in most power sports. D. black men have special techniques for dealing with anxiety in sports. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 31. Black female athletes sometimes earn to tone down their confidence and toughness so they A. won't be distracted from developing their sport skills. B. won't be seen by whites as "angry black women." C. can deceive their opponents in sports. D. make their mothers proud of them as women. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 32. When black women were in ads for the WNBA, the marketing people were so sensitive to issues of race that they presented the women in roles where they A. were clearly nurturing and supportive. B. were physical and tough. C. expressed confidence in their skills on the court. D. used their college degrees to be successful off the court. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 33. Data on sport participation patterns among African Americans indicates that they A. make up nearly eighty percent of all professional athletes in the U.S. B. remain underrepresented in most pro and amateur sports. C. have not experienced racial segregation in sports since the Civil War. D. have always received better media press coverage than white athletes. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sports Participation Among Ethnic Minorities in the United States 34. Teams such as the Indianapolis Clowns and the Harlem Globetrotters were able to make a living in the mid-20th century by playing sports in ways that A. demonstrated the intellectual and physical skills of black athletes. B. entertained white spectators by reaffirmed their racial stereotypes. C. appealed black and Latino audiences who had internalized racial stereotypes. D. made fun of white sports such as Major league Baseball and pro basketball. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sports Participation Among Ethnic Minorities in the United States 35. Racial ideology influences social context to the point that black female athletes engage in a presentation of self that A. highlights their confidence and intelligence. B. portrays an exotic, fashion-model look. C. deemphasizes their athletic skills and physical stature. D. tones down their toughness and make them appear nonthreatening. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sports Participation Among Ethnic Minorities in the United States 36. When Caroline Wozniacki mimicked a caricature of Serena Williams during an international tennis tournament, she A. resurrected long held beliefs about the hypersexuality of the black female body. B. was intentionally using racism to psych out Serena Williams. C. pretended to be the South African woman, Saartjie Baartman. D. offended most of the white spectators attending the match. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; Venus Noire 37. Data show that sport participation rates in the U.S. are highest in A. low-income black communities. B. racially mixed communities. C. middle- and upper-middle income white communities. D. low-income communities regardless of their racial makeup. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sports Participation Among Ethnic Minorities in the United States 38. Because most sport organizations are white-dominated, white-identified, and white-centered, the success of ethnic minorities requires A. previous experience as athletes. B. acting in ways that whites define as normal. C. a presentation of self that is hyper-confident. D. a deep knowledge of their own ethnic heritage. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sports Participation Among Ethnic Minorities in the United States 39. Sport participation among Native Americans is limited due to poverty, poor health, a lack of equipment and facilities, and the fear that playing mainstream sports will A. lead to serious injuries that will interfere with occupational success. B. violate the ancient religious traditions of their ancestors. C. lead to conflict with other minority athletes on their teams. D. cut them off from their cultural roots and identities. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sports Participation Among Ethnic Minorities in the United States 40. In the box, Identity Theft? Using Native American Names and Images in Sports, it is noted that team A. names like Savages inspire pride among most Native Americans. B. names like Chiefs inspire white students to respect Native Americans. C. mascots like Chief Wahoo is a form of bigotry. D. mascots like Seminole, the Florida State horse, reaffirm Native American history. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; Identity Theft? 41. The NCAA allowed Florida State University to keep their mascot Chief Osceola and his horse Seminole, because the university A. funds political action to eliminate poverty among Native Americans. B. bans the sale of any items containing the image of their chief. C. has permission from a few tribal representatives to use their name and image. D. donates profits from "Osceola products" to schools for Seminole children. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; Identity Theft? 42. When Native Americans and other ethnic minorities have strong ethnic identities, one of the strategies they use when they play mainstream sports is to A. return to their native homelands at least six times a year. B. find teammates to whom they can teach their heritage. C. demand that teammates take ethnic history courses. D. redefine sport participation to fit their cultural beliefs. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; Identity Theft? 43. The sport participation patterns of Latinos and Latinas in North America are A. diverse due to the many different histories and backgrounds of Latinos. B. the same as they are in Mexico. C. the same as they are in Spain and Cuba. D. shaped by cultural traditions, especially the emphasis on bullfighting. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; Identity Theft? 44. When Doug Foley studied intergroup relations in a Texas town he noted that the Mexicano coach of the local high school football team resigned in frustration when A. his Mexicano team members demanded special treatment. B. he could not meet the expectations of boosters and also fight bigotry. C. he was not able to recruit the best black athletes in the student body. D. school board said he was hired because of affirmative action. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; Identity Theft? 45. Research shows that the Latinas who are most apt to play sports in the U.S. are A. recent immigrants. B. members of second- and third-generation families. C. those who want to learn English. D. those who have rejected Christian religious beliefs. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; Identity Theft? 46. Research indicates that second- and third-generation Latinas in the U.S. A. face fewer barriers to playing sports than do first generation Latinas. B. generally avoid sports because they are too organized. C. often are disowned by parents if they play sports. D. use sports to reject their Latin heritage and identities. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; Identity Theft? 47. Research on Major League Baseball indicates that Latino players A. have poor performance records in the major leagues. B. have declined in numbers in recent years. C. demand higher signing bonuses than other players. D. make up about 25% of all players on major league teams. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; Identity Theft? 48. Major League Baseball teams have signed many Central and Latin Americans to contracts because these players A. are more disciplined that players raised in North America. B. have fewer adjustment problems than most U.S. players. C. constitute a large pool of relatively cheap and skilled labor. D. are not afraid to fail and return to the native countries. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; Identity Theft? 49. The sport participation patterns of undocumented workers from Latin America are A. the same as their co-workers who are born in the U.S. B. usually tied to their jobs and sponsorship support from their bosses. C. shaped by the need to learn English and interact with U.S. citizens. D. largely unknown because reliable data are difficult to obtain. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; Identity Theft? 50. Research indicates that sports are related to ethnicity in three ways. Which of the following is NOT one of those ways? Sports can be used to A. break down barriers, discredit stereotypes and facilitate assimilation. B. reduce the importance of a person's history and ethnic heritage. C. preserve and extend supportive relationships in an ethnic population. D. maintain ethnic segregation that undermines intergroup understanding. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; Identity Theft? 51. The author points out that the sport participation of Asian Pacific Americans A. varies with the genetic characteristics of the Asian group in question. B. differs depending on the histories of the groups with Asian ancestry. C. occurs only in sports where physical size is not an issue. D. is low because Asian Americans lack motivation to excel in sports. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; Identity Theft? 52. Research done by sociologist Christina Chin showed that Japanese parents in her study formed and supported a youth basketball league for their children in the hope that it would A. encourage the children to move back to Japan in the future. B. help their children more fully embrace dominant culture in the United States. C. lead their children to form relationships with other Japanese children. D. show their children the advantages of ethnically segregated activities. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Reflect on Sports; Identity Theft? 53. Research by Italian sociologist Mauro Valeri indicates that racism in Italian soccer A. has increased in multiple forms in recent years. B. tends to decrease with higher rates of immigration to Italy. C. is a problem among spectators but not among players. D. is not expressed in stadiums for fear of police actions. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Race, Ethnicity, and Sport in a Global Perspective 54. The author notes that the racial and ethnic relations challenges faced by sports in the future will A. fade because sports create positive forms of social integration. B. decrease because conservative governments will ban most immigration. C. increase due to more migration of athletes and other workers worldwide. D. increase as more athletes come from working class backgrounds. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Race, Ethnicity, and Sport in a Global Perspective 55. After reviewing issues related to the dynamics of racial and ethnic relations in sports the author concludes that A. today's challenges are the same ones faced 30 years ago. B. racial and ethnic relations in sports are worse today than in the past. C. challenges associated with racial and ethnic relations will always exist. D. when rules on the playing field are fair, there are no problems off the field. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: The Dynamics of Racial and Ethnic Relations in Sports 56. Racial segregation and exclusion are most likely to be eliminated in sports when A. team success depends on friendships among team members. B. the entire team benefits from the success of individual team members. C. team owners must make financial sacrifices. D. being a good player leads to promotions and control in sport organizations. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: The Dynamics of Racial and Ethnic Relations in Sports 57. Efforts to challenge discrimination in sports have been motivated strongly by A. financial profits for those who control sports. B. federal legislation that mandates fair treatment. C. the liberal attitudes of sport team owners. D. political pressure coming from the black community. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: The Dynamics of Racial and Ethnic Relations in Sports 58. The elimination of racial exclusion tends to be slowest in sports that involve A. extensive off-the-field social contact. B. high salaries for athletes at the professional level. C. teamwork combined with complex strategies. D. heavy media attention and widespread national publicity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: The Dynamics of Racial and Ethnic Relations in Sports 59. Racial and ethnic exclusion occurs today at the community level, where it is A. tied to ethnic traditions that discourage sport participation. B. perpetuated by the racism of people who work in public sport programs. C. hidden behind participation fees and lack of access to transportation. D. based on a l